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Whether body region\u2010specific sex differences in strength exist in children is unclear. The purpose of the current meta\u2010analysis was to determine whether sex differences in muscle strength in children and adolescents differ between upper\u2010 and lower\u2010limb muscles. Data were extracted from studies of participants aged \u2264 17\u00a0years who completed tests of maximal isometric or isokinetic strength of upper\u2010limb muscles (e.g., elbow flexors and elbow extensors) or lower\u2010limb muscles (e.g., knee extensors and ankle dorsiflexors). Participants were partitioned into three age groups: 5\u201310 years old, 11\u201313 years old, and 14\u201317 years old. The analysis included 299 effects from 34 studies. The total sample was 6634 (3497 boys and 3137 girls). Effect sizes of sex differences in upper\u2010 and lower\u2010limb strength were\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.65 (95% confidence intervals (CI) [0.46, 0.84]) and 0.34 (95% CI [0.19, 0.50]) in 5\u201310\u2010year\u2010olds;\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.73 (95% CI [0.56, 0.91]) and 0.43 (95% CI [0.27, 0.59]) in 11\u201313\u2010year olds; and\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a01.84 (95% CI [1.64, 2.03]) and 1.18 (95% CI [1.00, 1.37]) in 14\u201317\u2010year\u2010olds. Upper\u2010 and lower\u2010limb strength were 17% and 8% greater in boys than girls when 5\u201310\u00a0years old, 18% and 10% greater when 11\u201313\u00a0years old, and 50% and 30% greater when 14\u201317\u00a0years old. Thus, boys are stronger than girls on average. This sex difference exists before puberty, increases markedly with male puberty,\u00a0and is more pronounced in upper\u2010 than lower\u2010limb muscles throughout development.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsc.12282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]],"date-time":"2025-04-05T21:57:16Z","timestamp":1743890236000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Sex Differences in Upper\u2010 and Lower\u2010Limb Muscle Strength in Children and Adolescents: A Meta\u2010Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9081-0522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James L.","family":"Nuzzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Nuzzo Letter The Nuzzo Academy  West Leederville Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2616-2492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matheus D.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Health Innovation Research Institute School of Medical and Health Sciences Edith Cowan University  Joondalup Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471\u20100528.1974.tb00494.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00696381"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2242011369"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0000000000003423"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977198997103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460110057981"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19406940.2022.2161599"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jp279595"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","article-title":"How Americans View Policy Proposals on Transgender and Gender Identity Issues, and Where Such Policies Exist","author":"Blazina C.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pew Research Center"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14603"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2023.5960"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsc.12075"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsc.12241"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsc.12237"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181ddb03d"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009\u20101140"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00429036"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.15.3.313"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471\u20102474\u201015\u2010353"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03014460903055139"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","first-page":"625","article-title":"Reference Intervals for Testosterone, Androstenedione and SHBG Levels in Healthy Females and Males From Birth Until Old Age","volume":"51","author":"Elmlinger M. 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