{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]],"date-time":"2025-08-24T06:40:03Z","timestamp":1756017603201,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Sport Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Electrocardiogram (ECG) findings in male Rugby Football League (RFL) athletes have previously been investigated but variations in other demographics are less understood. The study examined 161 ECGs in male and female, paediatric (&lt;\u00a018\u00a0years old) and adult (\u2265\u00a018\u00a0years old) RFL athletes. Athletes (65% male, 35% female) aged 14\u201333\u00a0years underwent a 12\u2010lead ECG that was assessed for training\u2010related cardiac electrical adaptations. Four athletes with abnormal ECGs were excluded. Results indicated that male athletes had an increased PR interval (152\u00a0\u00b1\u00a032 vs. 140\u00a0\u00b1\u00a019\u00a0ms; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), QRS duration (98\u00a0\u00b1\u00a07 vs. 87\u00a0\u00b1\u00a06\u00a0ms; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), voltage criteria for right (6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03 vs. 4\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02\u00a0mm; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and left (33\u00a0\u00b1\u00a09 vs. 27\u00a0\u00b1\u00a07\u00a0mm; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) ventricular hypertrophy (RVH\/LVH) compared to females, who exhibited increased resting heart rate (HR) (67\u00a0\u00b1\u00a011 vs. 62\u00a0\u00b1\u00a011 bpm; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and QTc intervals (408\u00a0\u00b1\u00a045 vs. 398\u00a0\u00b1\u00a022\u00a0ms; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.028). Adult athletes had a reduced HR (61\u00a0\u00b1\u00a010 vs. 66\u00a0\u00b1\u00a013 bpm; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and RVH criteria (5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02 vs. 7\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03\u00a0mm; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.015) compared to paediatric athletes. When controlling for weekly training hours in adult athletes, males present only a longer PR interval (156\u00a0\u00b1\u00a032 vs. 141\u00a0\u00b1\u00a019\u00a0ms; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.037) and QRS duration (99\u00a0\u00b1\u00a07 vs. 87\u00a0\u00b1\u00a07\u00a0ms; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) when compared to females. These results highlight the need for tailored cardiac screening guidelines that account for an RFL athlete's sex, age and training exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsc.12304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T11:10:46Z","timestamp":1746443446000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The 12\u2010Lead Electrocardiogram of the Rugby Football League Athlete: Impact of Sex and Age"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9339-422X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Callum","family":"Warrington","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences Liverpool John Moores University  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andy","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St Helens Rugby Football League Club  St Helens UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jade","family":"Read","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St Helens Rugby Football League Club  St Helens UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Abram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St Helens Rugby Football League Club  St Helens UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Mill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St Helens Rugby Football League Club  St Helens UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences Liverpool John Moores University  Liverpool UK"},{"name":"Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences Liverpool John Moores University  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Oxborough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences Liverpool John Moores University  Liverpool 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