{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T21:21:30Z","timestamp":1780435290947,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Sport Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u201cLiving High\u2010Training Low and High\u201d (LHTLH) is an altitude\/hypoxic training method used to improve physical performance at sea level. The aim of this exploratory study was to investigate the effects of LHTLH on sleep, heart rate variability (HRV), and psychological stress in 10 elite\/international level female cyclists (mean age: 17.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.2\u00a0years). Participants were monitored for 19\u00a0days divided into 3 periods: (i) normoxia (5\u00a0days preceding LHTLH), (ii) early acclimatization (day 1\u20134 of LHTLH), and (iii) middle acclimatization (day 5\u201314) performed in hypoxic rooms (F<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u00a0=\u00a015.09%). Questionnaires of psychological stress and sleep disturbance, sleep architecture (determined through an electroencephalography sleep headband), and HRV (measured at rest with a chest strap) were recorded during the 3 periods. The results found that, compared to normoxia, there was no significant difference in total sleep time, sleep efficiency, latency, or waking during the early acclimatization period. However, a significant increase in sleep disturbance (2.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.1 vs. 4.9\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.5 a.u. and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), alterations of HRV, and sleep architecture with a significant increase in stages 1 (21.8\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03 vs. 25.9\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.6\u00a0min and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.007) and 2 (201.2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a055 vs. 238.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a055\u00a0min and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.008) of sleep was observed. During the middle acclimatization period, the athletes had restorative sleep but HRV remained altered, with a significant increase in external tension (1.24\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.4 vs. 2.83\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.8 a.u. and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). All these findings suggest that an acclimatization period of at least 4\u00a0days is required to recover restorative sleep during LHTLH intervention.<jats:list list-type=\"explicit-label\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>This article provides the first insights on the understanding of psychophysiological stress induced using the \u201cLive High\u2010Training Low and High\u201d paradigm, particularly in elite\/international level female athletes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Results indicate that:<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>during the early acclimatization period, sleep disturbances are observed, with an alteration in heart rate variability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>After this period, the athletes return to restful sleep, enabling them to increase their training load.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>However, heart rate variability and psychological stress remain impaired for at least 10\u00a0days.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsc.12320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T16:34:25Z","timestamp":1752597265000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of \u201cLiving High\u2010Training Low and High\u201d on Sleep, Heart Rate Variability, and Psychological Responses in Elite Female Cyclists"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0111-6610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thibaud","family":"Pirlot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory C3S, University Marie &amp; 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