{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T10:36:10Z","timestamp":1790850970380,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Sport Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fuelling during endurance exercise has evolved towards greater amounts of carbohydrates (CHO) ingested per hour, which can prove challenging for athletes. However, the effects of different CHO ingestion patterns during exercise have scarcely been investigated in cycling. 20 recreationally active males cycled for 180\u00a0min at lactate threshold on two occasions in a randomised counterbalanced order. Participants consumed 90\u00a0g\/h of CHO, either as 22.5\u00a0g every 15\u00a0min or 45\u00a0g every 30\u00a0min (CHO\u201015 and CHO\u201030, respectively). Respiratory gases, blood glucose, lactate, heart rate, RPE and gastrointestinal symptoms were assessed every 15\u00a0min. Physiological responses showed no difference between conditions or significant interactions, except for blood glucose which saw a greater increase in CHO\u201015 during the first 30\u00a0min (interaction; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.03). Whole body CHO and fat oxidation were not different between conditions (2.38\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.37 and 2.33\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.39\u00a0g\/min, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.25 and 0.19\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.07 vs. 0.22\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.08\u00a0g\/min, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.10 for CHO\u201015 and CHO\u201030, respectively). Subjective markers of gastrointestinal symptoms did not differ between conditions (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&gt;\u00a00.05) except for urge to defecate (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.05); however, only 1 participant reported a score\u00a0&gt;\u00a04 across any symptoms. Ingesting a larger CHO amount at less regular intervals during prolonged cycling had minimal impact on physiological responses to exercise, whole\u2010body substrate oxidation and gut discomfort, allowing athletes to freely select their preferred strategy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsc.12336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T12:13:43Z","timestamp":1749471223000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Different Carbohydrate Ingestion Patterns Do Not Affect Physiological Responses, Whole\u2010Body Substrate Oxidation or Gastrointestinal Comfort in Cycling"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Robyn Owen","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Sports and Exercise Sciences (RISES) Liverpool John Moores University  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Vaz DE 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