{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T03:22:15Z","timestamp":1783999335882,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016934","name":"Troms\u00f8 Forskningsstiftelse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19_FENDURA_BW"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19_FENDURA_BW"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016934","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Sport Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this study was to report and compare the prevalence of disordered eating behaviours (DEBs) among Norwegian female athletes of different competition levels and sport types, and non\u2010athletes of different physical activity levels. A total of 565 females (athletes: <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0189; non\u2010athletes: <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0376) completed the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire 6.0 (EDE\u2010Q). Athletes were categorised as recreational (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a072), national (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a094), or elite (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a023), while non\u2010athlete females were sedentary (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0111) or physically active but non\u2010competitive (exercisers: <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0265). A global EDE\u2010Q score of &gt;\u00a02.5 was considered as increased risk of an eating disorder. Data were modelled using linear or logistic regression, adjusted for body mass index (BMI), age category, and education level. Global EDE\u2010Q score was lower among recreational (mean [95% confidence interval]): (1.73 [1.31, 2.14]; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.003; <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.50) and national\u2010level athletes (1.89 [1.52,2.26]; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.024; <jats:italic>d\u00a0=<\/jats:italic>\u00a00.39) compared to exercisers (2.47 [2.19,2.75]), with recreational athletes also scoring lower than sedentary females (2.43 [2.09,2.78]; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.022; <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.47). Leanness focused sports had higher restraint (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.046; <jats:italic>d\u00a0=<\/jats:italic>\u00a00.30) and eating concern (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.025; <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.35) subscale scores compared to non\u2010leanness focused sports. Recreational\u2010 or national\u2010level athletes scored on average lower DEB symptoms using EDE\u2010Q, compared to sedentary and physical\u2010active non\u2010athletes. No EDE\u2010Q difference was found between competition levels. Leanness focused sport athletes were more concerned about eating behaviours and had higher restraint than athletes from non\u2010leanness focused sports. These findings suggest that sport participation may be associated with lower or higher disordered eating symptoms, depending on competitive level and type of sport, highlighting the complexity of these relationships in physically active females.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsc.70043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T11:00:58Z","timestamp":1755687658000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Lower Prevalence of Disordered Eating Behaviours Among Norwegian Female Athletes Compared to Non\u2010Athletes: A Cross\u2010Sectional Survey Using the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7467-3539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mimmi M. S.","family":"Vedenp\u00e4\u00e4","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine Faculty of Health Sciences UiT The Arctic University of Norway  Troms\u00f8 Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2213-5806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edvard H.","family":"Sagelv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport Sciences Faculty of Health Sciences UiT The Arctic University of Norway  Troms\u00f8 Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2798-9675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica Klungland","family":"Torstveit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Science and Physical Education University of Agder  Kristiansand Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1741-2322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristin Benjaminsen","family":"Borch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine Faculty of Health Sciences UiT The Arctic University of Norway  Troms\u00f8 Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8681-8521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John Owen","family":"Osborne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport Sciences Faculty of Health Sciences UiT The Arctic University of Norway  Troms\u00f8 Norway"},{"name":"Sunshine Coast Hospital and Health Service  Birtinya Australia"},{"name":"School of Health University of the Sunshine Coast  Sippy Downs Australia"},{"name":"School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences Queensland University of Technology  Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2015.1013995"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337\u2010022\u201000717\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2019.1620989"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2012.740504"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1440\u20102440(01)80025\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519\u2010019\u201000645\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2018.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","unstructured":"Champely S. C.Ekstrom P.Dalgaard et\u00a0al.2020. \u201cpwr: Basic Functions for Power Analysis (Version 1.3\u20100).\u201d [Computer software].CRAN.https:\/\/cran.r\u2010project.org\/web\/packages\/pwr\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23748"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","unstructured":"Christensen R.2022. \u201cordinal: Regression Models for Ordinal Data.\u201d [Computer software].CRAN.https:\/\/CRAN.R\u2010project.org\/package=ordinal."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2010.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001091"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2013.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2022.2079423"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","volume-title":"Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Eating Disorders","author":"Fairburn C. G.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1098\u2010108x(199412)16:4<363::aid\u2010eat2260160405>3.0.co;2\u2010#"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.24205"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337\u2010022\u201000644\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23134"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970\u2010016\u20100149\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2006.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2004.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","unstructured":"Lenth R. P.Buerkner M.Herve J.Love H.Riebl andH.Singmann.2020. \u201cemmeans: Estimated Marginal Means Aka Least\u2010Squares Means (Version 1.5.1).\u201d [Computer software].CRAN.https:\/\/CRAN.R\u2010project.org\/package=emmeans."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10173976"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23640"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20504"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.03139"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337\u2010020\u201000323\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.068668"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e318281a939"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13568"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519\u2010019\u201000681\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2018.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2004.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports\u20102019\u2010100715"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.1068"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","unstructured":"Ripley B. B.Venables D. M.Bates K.Hornik A.Gebhardt andD.Firth.2024. \u201cMASS: Support Functions and Datasets for Venables and Ripley\u2019s MASS (Version 7.3\u201060.2).\u201d [Computer software].CRAN.https:\/\/cran.r\u2010project.org\/web\/packages\/MASS\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08039481003797235"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2372"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23318"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23288"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2021.1943712"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098\u2010108X(200005)27:4<371::AID\u2010EAT1>3.0.CO;2\u2010Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsn.3.1.29"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768\u2010199404000\u201000003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752\u2010200401000\u201000005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100838.2010.01190.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22395"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279\u2010023\u201001871\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4085\/1062\u20106050\u20100539.22"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122681"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100838.2007.00657.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000152677.60545.3a"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1747\u20100080.12569"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2010.10.010"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Sport Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ejsc.70043","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T15:06:19Z","timestamp":1756911979000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ejsc.70043"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ejsc.70043"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejsc.70043","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-1391","1536-7290"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-1391","type":"print"},{"value":"1536-7290","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"article-number":"e70043"}}