{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T05:11:58Z","timestamp":1772082718481,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Sport Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Despite well\u2010established guidelines for carbohydrate (CHO) intake to support endurance performance, many athletes fail to meet these targets, and in\u2010race intake is often estimated based on planned consumption rather than measured intake. We aimed to quantify actual CHO intake during endurance races and explore behavioral and psychological predictors. Sixty Tier 2 endurance athletes (38 marathoners and 22 cyclists) participated in two official races. Athletes' planned, perceived, and actual CHO intake 24\u00a0h before and during the race were assessed using food diary analysis, and pre\u2010 and post\u2010race weighing of sports products containing CHO. Sleep behavior (ASBQ), pre\u2010race anxiety (CSAI\u20102R), and gastrointestinal symptoms were also evaluated using validated questionnaires. Across the cohort, actual CHO intake (31.7\u00a0\u00b1\u00a023.5\u00a0g\/hr) was lower than planned (38.0\u00a0\u00b1\u00a027.3\u00a0g\/hr;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). The absolute planned\u2010actual gap was larger in cyclists (58.9\u00a0\u2192\u00a049.1\u00a0g\/hr;\n                    <jats:italic>\u0394<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a010.3\u00a0g\/hr) than in marathoners (25.9\u00a0\u2192\u00a021.7\u00a0g\/hr;\n                    <jats:italic>\u0394<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a04.2\u00a0g\/hr); proportionally, the shortfall was similar (\u223c16%\u201317%) in both groups. Cyclists planned substantially higher CHO intakes and achieved higher actual intakes than marathoners. Regression analysis showed that race type, better sleep behavior, and lower cognitive anxiety predicted higher actual intake (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.41,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). Despite similar intentions, marathoners consumed less CHO than cyclists and overestimated their CHO intake, highlighting behavioral gaps. Sleep and psychological readiness played key roles in fueling success. Findings support the importance of measuring actual intake and considering individual behavioral factors to optimize endurance nutrition strategies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsc.70055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T06:10:14Z","timestamp":1759817414000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Under Consumed and Overestimated: Discrepancies in Race\u2010Day Carbohydrate Intake Among Endurance Athletes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4267-9950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asli Devrim","family":"Lanpir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Performance and Health Dublin City University  Dublin Ireland"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics Faculty of Health Sciences Istanbul Medeniyet University  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4663-5872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melike Nur","family":"Ero\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Sciences Department of Coaching Education Sakarya University of Applied Sciences  Sakarya Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0374-8992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merve","family":"\u00d6zy\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Sciences Department of Recreation Sakarya University of Applied Sciences  Sakarya Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9109-0958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julien","family":"Louis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences Liverpool John Moores University  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47778\/ejsse.935935"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18115737"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798\u2010025\u201000810\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2011.585473"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13091346"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2011.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.25.4.519"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4274\/jtsm.galenos.2019.58076"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279\u2010014\u20100153\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529509101605"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5935\/1984\u20100063.20180009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3259"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.18.6.551"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00091.2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2016\u20100317"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sports7060140"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2018.1481919"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","unstructured":"Jaenes Sanchez J. J.Caracuel2016.Marathon: Mental Preparation for Training and Competing."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279\u2010014\u20100148\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798\u2010024\u201000801\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare13070812"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2021\u20100451"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11332\u2010019\u201000537\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2018.1497088"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970\u2010020\u201000361\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31822dc809"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181e0efc9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279\u2010022\u201001757\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsc.12183"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5935\/1984\u20100063.20220076"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1024\/2674\u20100052\/a000032"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2015.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279\u2010024\u201002127\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970\u2010019\u20100312\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00336297.2004.10491825"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SGA.0000000000000177"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Sport Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ejsc.70055","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T08:07:27Z","timestamp":1763194047000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ejsc.70055"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ejsc.70055"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejsc.70055","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-1391","1536-7290"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-1391","type":"print"},{"value":"1536-7290","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"article-number":"e70055"}}