{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T12:48:25Z","timestamp":1763038105556,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Sport Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>We prospectively examined whether psychological factors influence (a) respiratory tract infection (RTI) risk and (b) the mucosal immune response to exercise. In Study 1, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0406 adults (67% male) recorded RTI symptoms for two weeks before and after a marathon. In Study 2, under controlled laboratory conditions, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a045 adults (51% male) completed 60\u00a0min of running at 65% V\u0307O<jats:sub>2peak<\/jats:sub> (EX) and seated rest (CON) in randomised order. Anxiety, total mood disturbance (TMD) and perceived psychological stress were measured before exercise. Saliva collected pre\u2010 and post\u2010exercise was analysed for secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA). Fifty runners suffered an RTI post\u2010marathon. Runners prospectively reporting high trait anxiety or TMD were more likely to suffer an RTI post\u2010marathon (OR [95% CI]\u00a0=\u00a01.06 [1.02\u20131.11] and 1.04 [1.01\u20131.07], respectively). Higher trait anxiety and TMD were associated with a greater reduction in saliva SIgA (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). There was no association between mucosal immunity and RTI risk (OR [95% CI]\u00a0=\u00a01.00 [0.97\u20131.01]). In Study 2, despite no significant difference between EX and CON (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&gt;\u00a00.05), psychological factors were associated with the SIgA secretion rate response to exercise in men (trait anxiety, state anxiety, TMD, psychological stress: <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.55, \u22120.65, \u22120.61 and \u22120.66, respectively; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01). In conclusion, anxiety and mood disturbance were prospectively associated with infection risk after a marathon and the mucosal immune response to exercise. Athletes should optimise psychological well\u2010being to support immune health. Researchers should take account of psychological factors when examining the mucosal immune response to exercise.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsc.70058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T07:47:11Z","timestamp":1759218431000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Anxiety and Mood Disturbance Are Prospectively Associated With Respiratory Infection Risk and the Mucosal Immune Response to Exercise"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7980-0139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie E.","family":"Harrison","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Applied Human Physiology School of Sport Science Bangor University  Bangor Wales UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason P.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences Liverpool John Moores University  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0268-1228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ross","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for the Psychology of Elite Performance School of Sport Science Bangor University  Bangor Wales UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neil P.","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences Liverpool John Moores University  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000320"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgac004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2741\/3540"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s\u20102007\u2010971958"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00648"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"The Impact of Psychological Stress on Immune Function in the Athletic Population","volume":"7","author":"Clow A.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exercise Immunology Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2008.505"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559\u20101816.2012.00900.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2136404"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199108293250903"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022\u20103514.64.1.131"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2007.11.073"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026\u2010014\u20108517\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000562"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2019.09.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports\u20102017\u2010098208"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","first-page":"26","article-title":"Anxiety and Perceived Psychological Stress Play an Important Role in the Immune Response After Exercise","volume":"24","author":"Edwards J. 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