{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T12:55:49Z","timestamp":1781614549927,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]],"date-time":"2025-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]],"date-time":"2025-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766275200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Sport Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Optimizing training intensity and volume is crucial for adolescent swimmers, as excessive high\u2010intensity exercise may cause fatigue, overtraining, and hinder recovery. Research has shown that training load affects immune function and sleep. This study examined how progressively increasing training intensity impacts salivary immunity, sleep quality, perceived fatigue, and performance in adolescent swimmers. Eighteen male swimmers participated in a three\u2010week protocol with daily 100\u2010min sessions at 70%, 80%, and 90% of maximum heart rate, respectively. Saliva and questionnaire data were collected twice weekly to assess cortisol, testosterone,\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010amylase, immunoglobulin A, lactoferrin, and perceived exertion. Sleep was measured using actigraphy. Performance was evaluated weekly through 200\u2010m freestyle and 25\u2010m lap counts within 16\u00a0min. Results showed a significant weekly increase in maximum heart rate (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Muscle soreness and perceived exertion were significantly higher after training at 80% and 90% intensities (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) compared to rest days. Sleep quality and most salivary immune markers did not significantly change over time. However, the testosterone\/cortisol ratio decreased after 5\u00a0days at 80% intensity (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01). Performance significantly improved at 80% and 90% intensities compared to 70%. In conclusion, a progressively incremental training program enhanced athletic performance without negatively affecting sleep or immune markers. These findings support controlled intensity increases for improving performance while maintaining physiological balance in adolescent swimmers.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsc.70096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T06:24:30Z","timestamp":1766384670000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Incremental Training on the Physiology and Mucosal Immunity of Adolescent Swimmers"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Ming\u2010Ru","family":"Chiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Jen\u2010Ai Hospital  Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Sport Performance National Taiwan University of Sport  Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3149-0914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi\u2010Cheng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Performance National Taiwan University of Sport  Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Athletics National Taiwan University of Sport  Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katsuhiko","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport Sciences Waseda University  Tokorozawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bao\u2010Lien","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine China Medical University  Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsing\u2010Hao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Performance National Taiwan University of Sport  Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8172-3096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shih\u2010Hua","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Performance National Taiwan University of Sport  Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Athletics National Taiwan University of Sport  Taichung 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