{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T21:16:26Z","timestamp":1791753386853,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010790","name":"Erasmus+","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Project #: 101049322\u2010CICEE\u2010T\u2010ERASMUS\u2010SPORT\u20102021\u2010SC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project #: 101049322\u2010CICEE\u2010T\u2010ERASMUS\u2010SPORT\u20102021\u2010SC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010790","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Sport Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Coach\u2010perpetrated interpersonal violence can pose significant risks to athletes' development as well as psychological, physical and social well\u2010being worldwide. This study examined the perceived harmfulness of witnessed coach\u2010perpetrated interpersonal violence behaviours in the North Mediterranean region, alongside any associations with coaching climates (empowering and disempowering). Data were collected from 494 active coaches across Cyprus, Greece, Italy, Malta, Spain and Portugal through an online questionnaire where they reported witnessing and perceived harm of psychological, physical, instrumental and sexual violence, as well as their coaching climates. The analysis showed psychological violence as the most frequently witnessed form and physical violence being perceived as the most harmful one. An empowering coaching climate, characterised by autonomy support and positive reinforcement, correlated positively with higher perceived harm, especially for psychological and instrumental violence. Conversely, a disempowering climate, marked by control and punitive behaviours, correlated with lower perceived harm. Gender, coach education and professional status were found to influence coaches' perceptions, highlighting that cultural and structural complexities have a role towards interpersonal violence tolerance. The study underscores the critical need for culturally tailored safe sport initiatives, mandatory training of coaches in safe coaching behaviours and practices and proactive safeguarding measures to mitigate interpersonal violence across diverse sporting contexts. Culturally informed interventions need to challenge the normalisation of violence in coaching and encourage empowering climates that place athletes in the centre and prioritise their welfare.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsc.70113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T03:13:16Z","timestamp":1767323596000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Coach\u2010Perpetrated Interpersonal Violence: Witnessing, Perceived Harmfulness and the Role of Coaching Motivational Climate"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9602-9398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stiliani \u201cAni\u201d","family":"Chroni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Sport and Physical Education University of Inland Norway  Elverum Norway"},{"name":"Department of PE &amp; Sports Sciences University of Thessaly  Trikala Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Hassandra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of PE &amp; Sports Sciences University of Thessaly  Trikala Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Verhelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Safeguarding Sport &amp; Society Centre of Expertise Care and Well\u2010being Thomas More University of Applied Sciences  Antwerp Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonis","family":"Alexopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European University Cyprus  Nicosia Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"de Dios Ben\u00edtez\u2010Sillero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba  C\u00f3rdoba Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Calmaestra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba  C\u00f3rdoba Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per \u00d8ystein","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Sport and Physical Education University of Inland Norway  Elverum Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renzo","family":"Kerr\u2010Cumbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Coaching Europe  Paola Malta"},{"name":"MCAST Institute of Community Services  Paola Malta"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Lara\u2010Bercial","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Beckett University  Leeds UK"},{"name":"International Council of Coaching Excellence  Leeds UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba  C\u00f3rdoba Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Nery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Motricidade Humana Universidade de Lisboa  Lisbon Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Nicolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEIPES ETS International Centre for the Promotion of Education and Development  Palermo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thiago","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Desporto Universidade do Porto  Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eivind \u00c5.","family":"Skille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Sport and Physical Education University of Inland Norway  Elverum Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Vivirito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEIPES ETS International Centre for the Promotion of Education and Development  Palermo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tine","family":"Vertommen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Safeguarding Sport &amp; 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