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Eighteen participants with rotator cuff tendinopathy (mean age 54.2, SD 13.2; 50% female), followed by eighteen matched controls completed a laboratory\u2010based shoulder strength testing protocol. Three exercises were performed (shoulder press, lateral raise and bent over row) while wearing three inertial measurement (IMU) sensors (Axivity, Ax6 \u2010 3 axis accelerometry and gyroscope at 100\u00a0Hz and 1000\u00b0\/sec respectively) positioned on the wrist arm and trunk. Data were analysed and accuracy was compared between common machine learning algorithms for those with rotator cuff tendinopathy and healthy matched controls in a subject\u2010dependent and subject\u2010independent model. The best accuracy scores for the subject\u2010dependent results were achieved by a random forest algorithm; 96.12% (3\u2010sensor combined system) for those with rotator cuff tendinopathy. For the subject\u2010independent results best accuracy scores were achieved by a convolutional neural network algorithm; 94.55% (3\u2010sensors) for the healthy controls without shoulder pain. K\u2010fold cross validation confusion matrix results by exercise type for the entire cohort show 97% accuracy (shoulder press), 95.5% (lateral raise) and 90.7% (bent over row) (3\u2010sensors, CNN subject\u2010independent analysis). Machine learning classification of 3 different shoulder exercises in people with rotator cuff tendinopathy and matched healthy controls demonstrate most accurate results using a CNN algorithm for subject\u2010independent analysis and a RF algorithm for subject\u2010dependent analysis. Results were similar for both those with rotator cuff tendinopathy and their matched healthy controls.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsc.70167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T16:10:02Z","timestamp":1775664602000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Making Sense of Shoulder Exercise: Measuring the Accuracy of an Artificial Intelligence Model to Classify Shoulder Exercise via Wearable Sensors Among People With and Without Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4019-8096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josh","family":"Naunton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science Monash Musculoskeletal Research Unit (MMRU) Monash University  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Department of Rural Allied Health La Trobe University Rural Health School  Bendigo Australia"},{"name":"Physiotherapy &amp; Exercise Physiology, Allied Health and Continuing Care Bendigo Health  Bendigo Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanran","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Monash University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Bini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rural Allied Health La Trobe University Rural Health School  Bendigo Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawson","family":"Kidgell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science Monash Exercise Neuroplasticity Unit Monash University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Bennell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health, Exercise and Sports Medicine, Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health Sciences, Level 7 The University of Melbourne  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terry","family":"Haines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation, Ageing and Independent Living Research Centre, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science Monash University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Kuli\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Monash University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Malliaras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science Monash Musculoskeletal Research Unit (MMRU) Monash University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4274\/tftr.59837"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5935\/2595\u20100118.20200201"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","volume-title":"Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning","author":"Baechle T. 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