{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T09:08:13Z","timestamp":1784884093048,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Sport Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study introduces a multi\u2010timescale mechanical model to quantify proximity to performance limits during endurance exercise. The model represents power output using a set of rolling averages, each associated with a characteristic time constant, and identifies the dominant component as the one approaching its historical maximum at any given time. To demonstrate this framework, real\u2010world data were collected from 21 male professional cyclists during an 11\u2010day training camp. Data from the first 10\u00a0days were used to construct individual maximal mean power (MMP) profiles across multiple time scales. On the final day, cyclists completed a fatiguing protocol (\u223c2000\u00a0kJ of work) followed by 3\u2010min and 12\u2010min maximal time trials. During exercise, the ratio between each exponentially weighted component and its corresponding historical maximum was computed, and the maximum ratio was used to track proximity to performance limits. At the end of the time trials, this ratio reached 98.6% (94.3%\u2013101%) and 101% (98.5%\u2013103%) for the 3\u2010min and 12\u2010min efforts, respectively (median and interquartile range), indicating convergence toward maximal performance capacity. Notably, in both trials the dominant component corresponded to a slower time scale (\u223c1\u00a0h), rather than to components matching the nominal duration of the efforts. These findings suggest that performance limits emerge from the interaction of multiple time scales and are not solely dictated by the duration or intensity of the task. This framework extends the traditional use of MMP from a post hoc descriptive tool to a real\u2010time dynamical measure of performance capacity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsc.70179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T09:59:10Z","timestamp":1779098350000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tracking Performance Limits Using Multi\u2010Timescale Maximal Mean Power Ratios"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1315-5573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Zignoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences Biomedicine and Movement Sciences University of Verona  Verona Italy"},{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering University of Trento  Trento Italy"},{"name":"Athletica Inc.  Revelstoke British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9271-8778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Giorgi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical and Performance Staff VF Group \u2010 Bardiani CSF\u2014Faizan\u00e8 Professional Cycling Team  Bibbiano Italy"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Specialist Medicine and Rehabilitation Azienda ASL Toscana Sud\u2010Est  Siena Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filip","family":"Kolodziej","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Athletica Inc.  Revelstoke British Columbia Canada"},{"name":"School of Health Sciences and Social Work Griffith University  Gold Coast Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Borja","family":"Martinez\u2010Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical and Performance Staff VF Group \u2010 Bardiani CSF\u2014Faizan\u00e8 Professional Cycling Team  Bibbiano Italy"},{"name":"Kent and Medway Medical School University of Kent  Canterbury UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Leo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Science University of Innsbruck  Innsbruck Austria"},{"name":"UniSA Allied Health &amp; Human Performance University of South Australia  Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul B.","family":"Laursen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Athletica Inc.  Revelstoke British Columbia Canada"},{"name":"Sports Performance and Athlete Development Environments (SPADE) University of Agder  Kristiansand Norway"},{"name":"Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) AUT University  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256\u2010200535100\u201000004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2017\u20100034"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00062.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421\u2010023\u201005268\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002673"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001968"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","article-title":"Metabolic Power Profile in Soccer Based on GPS Measurement Concept and Caveats","author":"Cassirame J.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sport Performance & Science Reports"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421\u2010021\u201004874\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/advan.00078.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421\u2010020\u201004338\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.91425.2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.02.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421\u2010024\u201005440\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256\u2010200131100\u201000003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279\u2010026\u201002414\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421\u2010025\u201005755\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255\u2010020\u20100251\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11317840\u2010000000000\u201000000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279\u2010017\u20100688\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181d9cf7f"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2018.1495768"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421\u2010021\u201004833\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421\u2010008\u20100818\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2021\u20100403"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279\u2010021\u201001459\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279\u2010015\u20100319\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2010.481721"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140136508930810"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140138108924856"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2003.010330"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421\u2010024\u201005437\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s\u20100031\u20101279773"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsc.12242"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s\u20100030\u20101247528"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e3182517a80"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2013\u20100471"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2021\u20100205"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsc.12077"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421\u2010022\u201005036\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14692"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2023\u20100042"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2021\u20100508"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421\u2010025\u201005912\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"Incorporating the Maximal Mean Power Profile in Time Trial Simulations for More Efficient Optimal Pacing Strategy Calculations","volume":"13","author":"Zignoli A.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Science and Cycling"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12283\u2010025\u201000528\u20101"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Sport Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ejsc.70179","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ejsc.70179","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ejsc.70179","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T08:57:36Z","timestamp":1784883456000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ejsc.70179"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ejsc.70179"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejsc.70179","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-1391","1536-7290"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-1391","type":"print"},{"value":"1536-7290","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"article-number":"e70179"}}