{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T09:08:18Z","timestamp":1784884098479,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Sport Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This paper investigates how volleyball net height can be scaled to account for differences in vertical spike reach. Although such differences are not exclusively determined by sex, the observed gap between male and female players makes sex\u2010based comparisons particularly relevant. The official net heights of 243\u00a0cm for men and 224\u00a0cm for women differ by 19\u00a0cm, a regulation intended to compensate for physical disparities between the sexes. We examine whether this adjustment ensures comparable offensive opportunities when evaluated in terms of observed spike reach. To isolate the geometric effect, other performance\u2010related factors are deliberately disregarded. Using a geometric model linking net height to spike reach, our analysis shows that the current 19\u00a0cm gap is insufficient to ensure equal attacking opportunities. At the elite level, geometric equivalence would require lowering the women's net to about 213\u00a0cm or raising the men's net to about 253\u00a0cm. The disadvantage faced by female players becomes even more pronounced at lower performance levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsc.70184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T02:48:56Z","timestamp":1779850136000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Equal Opportunities at the Net: Geometric Insights Into Volleyball Scaling"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Ole M.","family":"Kleivenes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Business Administration and Social Sciences Molde University College  Molde Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7035-3502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Per K.","family":"Rekdal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Logistics Molde University College  Molde Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"Cash M.2021. \u201cNo We Shouldn\u2019T Lower the Rim for More Dunks in Women\u2019s Basketball.\u201d March https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/lower\u2010rim\u2010womens\u2010basketball\u2010dunks\u2010why\u2010not\u20102021\u20103."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"159","article-title":"The Efficiency of Executing Technical Actions in Volleyball and the Teams\u2019 Gender and Sports Level","volume":"25","author":"Ciemi\u0144ski K.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends in Sport Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","volume-title":"Dynamics of Skill Acquisition: A Constraints\u2010Led Approach","author":"Davids K.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","unstructured":"FIVB.2024.VNL 2024 Concludes With Record\u2010Breaking Global Viewership and Attendance.https:\/\/www.fivb.com\/vnl\u20102024\u2010concludes\u2010with\u2010record\u2010breaking\u2010global\u2010viewership\u2010and\u2010attendance\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2019.1639437"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","unstructured":"Glasspiegel R.2025. \u201cCollege Volleyball\u2019s Audience Is Spiking\u2014And Networks Are Noticing.\u201d Published 8 April 2025.https:\/\/frontofficesports.com\/college\u2010volleyballs\u2010audience\u2010is\u2010spiking\u2010and\u2010networks\u2010are\u2010noticing\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","volume-title":"Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Army Personnel: Summary Statistics, Interim Report for 1988","author":"Gordon C. 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V.Pedersen andG.Oterhals.2026. \u201cScaling in Volleyball: Equality Through Disparity\u2014An Assessment of Playing Conditions in Men\u2019s and Women\u2019s Volleyball.\u201d In Preparation."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17161\/jis.v18i3.22436"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/30.50.CP.4.9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/24748668.2019.1625658"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-4460-2_19"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/24748668.2009.11868484"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/hukin\u20102014\u20100128"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1341297"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00762"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17479541231211679"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12662-025-01088-z"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Sport Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ejsc.70184","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ejsc.70184","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ejsc.70184","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T08:57:54Z","timestamp":1784883474000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ejsc.70184"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ejsc.70184"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejsc.70184","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-1391","1536-7290"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-1391","type":"print"},{"value":"1536-7290","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"article-number":"e70184"}}