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This study examined whether commonly applied sport classification frameworks\u2014open versus closed skills, strategic\u2013static\u2013interceptive, participant classification, and multidimensional team\/precision\u2010skill\/speed\u2013strength\u2014meaningfully represent cognitive differences within junior and senior national squad athletes. A total of 595 national squad athletes from eight sports (artistic gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics, trampoline, basketball, volleyball, ice hockey, table tennis, modern pentathlon) completed standardized measures of basic (processing speed, attention) and higher (working memory, inhibition, cognitive flexibility) cognitive functions. Using a model comparison approach, we show that the usefulness of taxonomic contrasts is limited because taxonomy\u2010based models did not improve model fit relative to the null model or the model containing single sport disciplines. For processing speed, single disciplines provided the best fit. Supplementary analyses showed that processing\u2010speed\u2013based norm scores were above population means and moderately related to attention, but only weakly related to working memory and unrelated to executive control measures. Together, these findings suggest that conclusions about cognitive differences among high\u2010performance athletes cannot be reliably made using taxonomic classifications as they lack robustness under realistic sampling conditions. The results underscore the importance of sport\u2010specific and individual\u2010level approaches when investigating cognitive functioning in high\u2010performance sport contexts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsc.70209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T03:09:12Z","timestamp":1781924952000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Critical Examination of the Usefulness of Taxonomies for Comparing Cognitive Functions Across Sports"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7552-1060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Will","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Performance Psychology German Sport University Cologne Institute of Psychology  K\u00f6ln Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1350-7903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Musculus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Performance Psychology German Sport University Cologne Institute of Psychology  K\u00f6ln Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1118-4015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen","family":"Zentgraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department 5: Psychology &amp; Sports Sciences Movement and Exercise Science Goethe University Frankfurt  Frankfurt am Main Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5140-5805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanna","family":"de Haan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Performance Psychology German Sport University Cologne Institute of Psychology  K\u00f6ln Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0061-7716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dennis","family":"Redlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Performance Psychology German Sport University Cologne Institute of Psychology  K\u00f6ln Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6546-1666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Raab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Performance Psychology German Sport University Cologne Institute of Psychology  K\u00f6ln Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2019.1580318"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20108624.2010.01499.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","volume-title":"Test d2\u2014Revision Aufmerksamkeits\u2010 und Konzentrationstest (Manual)","author":"Brickenkamp R.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.3336"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010psych\u2010113011\u2010143750"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.1996.2348"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1192483"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00336297.1972.10519717"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/05.22.27.PMS.112.3.915\u2010925"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01707"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12081071"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00904"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00971"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2014.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000355"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","volume-title":"Skill in Sport: The Attainment of Proficiency","author":"Knapp B.","year":"1963"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2021.101925"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2018.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/hmed.2024.0168"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13825585.2018.1540688"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197X.2022.2084764"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14198\/jhse.2016.111.03"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2002.10609004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.29.4.457"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2021\u20100451"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17509840802641372"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217056"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.635651"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000665"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-4460-2_19"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","first-page":"205","article-title":"Orienting of Attention With Highly Skilled Athletes","volume":"20","author":"Nougier V.","year":"1989","journal-title":"International Journal of Sport Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139608964533"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","volume-title":"ZVT: Zahlen\u2010Verbindungs\u2010Test: Manual","author":"Oswald W. 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