{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T07:38:17Z","timestamp":1792654697367,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Sport Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Sodium bicarbonate positively impacts performance, but its associated gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS) may limit use. This systematic review synthesized literature that has evaluated GIS with sodium bicarbonate supplementation. Literature searches were performed from February 2024\u2010March 2026. Eligible studies provided \u2265 5\u00a0g of sodium bicarbonate within a 24\u2010h period or, if a multi\u2010day protocol, at least one day involving \u2265 5\u00a0g. Included studies had a placebo group\/condition or a comparison group\/condition that created a contrast related to delivery method, form, or dose. In total, 101 investigations were summarized in six categories: acute single dosing (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a035); acute spread dosing (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a028); chronic dosing (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a07); acute versus chronic dosing (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a05); delivery form (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a018); and other (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a08). Existing literature suggests that common acute doses (0.2\u20130.4\u00a0g\/kg) elicit mild\u2010to\u2010severe GIS, which likely increase in a dose\u2010dependent manner when sodium bicarbonate is ingested in a single dose. Strategies to reduce GIS with acute dosing include spreading intake over hours, using enteric\u2010coated capsules\/tablets, and ingesting sodium bicarbonate mini\u2010tablets within a carbohydrate hydrogel. Direct comparisons of these strategies to reduce GIS are absent in current literature; thus, ranking their effectiveness is not possible. Multi\u2010day dosing may lessen GIS, but symptom documentation throughout supplementation periods is poorly characterized. Notably, 26 of 101 studies failed to perform inferential statistical testing to examine condition\/group differences in GIS. Making definitive recommendations about sodium bicarbonate supplementation to minimize GIS remains challenging. Major needs remain for direct comparisons between protocols purported to reduce GIS and improvements in GIS data collection, reporting, and analysis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsc.70225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T05:37:07Z","timestamp":1784957827000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gastrointestinal Symptoms Associated With Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation Protocols: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Ian P.","family":"Winter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Performance Laboratory School of Exercise Science Old Dominion University  Norfolk Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Sarac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Performance Laboratory School of Exercise Science Old Dominion University  Norfolk Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4052-5023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick B.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Performance Laboratory School of Exercise Science Old Dominion University  Norfolk Virginia 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