{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T19:02:08Z","timestamp":1789844528074,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Sport Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The impact of cigarette smoking on the cardiorespiratory response to exhaustive exercise remains unclear. This study investigated the smoking effect on exercise tolerance by analyzing the cardiorespiratory and metabolic variables during an exhausting sinusoidal exercise in young physically active smokers (SM) without known cardiovascular and respiratory disease. Eight physically active male SM (22.1\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.2\u00a0years; 79.9\u00a0\u00b1\u00a04.4\u00a0kg; maximum oxygen uptake,  3385\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0341\u00a0mL\u00b7min\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and 8 non\u2010smokers (controls, 22.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.4\u00a0years; 74.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a07.9\u00a0kg;  3623\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0302\u00a0mL\u00b7min\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) performed an exhausting sinusoidal cycling exercise. The work rate varied sinusoidally around a midpoint 50\u00a0W below the lactate threshold (LT), with an amplitude of \u00b1\u00a050\u00a0W and a 4\u2010min cycle period. Midpoint, amplitude, and time\u2010delay between mechanical and metabolic signals of pulmonary ventilation (), , and heart rate (HR) were assessed sinusoid\u2010by\u2010sinusoid, as well as blood lactate ([La\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    ]) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE). Despite similar LT (199\u00a0\u00b1\u00a026 vs. 219\u00a0\u00b1\u00a028 W for SM and controls, respectively), SM exhibited a lower time to exhaustion (2461\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0386 vs. 4512\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01359 s for SM and controls, respectively;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.001) than controls. No differences between groups emerged in midpoint, amplitude, and time delays, as well as in [La\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    ] and RPE. In SM,  midpoint remained constant, whereas in controls during the last cycle was higher compared to the first one (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.001). In both groups, HR (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01) and  midpoint increased from the first to the last cycle (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). The cigarette smoking\u2010induced exercise intolerance suggests metabolic and ventilatory impairments during sinusoidal cycle exercise even in young, physically active SM with no cardiovascular and respiratory disease.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsc.70238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T09:42:20Z","timestamp":1787564540000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exercise Intolerance in Young Physically Active Smokers Compared to Non\u2010Smokers During Sinusoidal Cycling"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6984-9323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Borrelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0939-392X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asia","family":"Motalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3693-971X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Toninelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5806-8305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Longo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7523-9102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Coratella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0691-3153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emiliano","family":"C\u00e8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7246-2819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eloisa","family":"Limonta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9510-1653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanna","family":"Rampichini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4420-2611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421\u2010013\u20102705\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003447"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000452307"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2023.104094"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s\u20102007\u2010971894"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","first-page":"172","article-title":"Relationships Between Exercise or Physical Activity and Other Health Behaviors","volume":"100","author":"Blair S. 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