{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T14:55:16Z","timestamp":1791384916919,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Sport Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Football heading is a form of repetitive head impact linked to cognitive decline. Although the English Football\u2010Association have implemented heading restrictions, evidence guiding sex\u2010specific protocols remains limited. This study explored the acute effects of a standardized heading drill on reaction time (RT) and concussion symptomology and whether sex moderates these outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>51 participants (25 females; mean age 22.8\u00a0\u00b1\u00a04.1\u00a0years), comprising recreational and university\u2010level footballers, were non\u2010randomly assigned to a heading group performing a 10\u2010header drill, or a non\u2010heading control group completing a regulated rest period. Immediately before and after the interventions, both groups completed tasks assessing simple reaction time, sustained attention, inhibition, and spatial timing anticipation and self\u2010reported concussion symptoms via the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool, sixth edition (SCAT\u20106).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      SCAT scores increased significantly post\u2010intervention only in the heading group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.002,\n                      <jats:italic>dz<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.59), with higher post\u2010heading scores compared to the control group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.009,\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.66). No significant main effect of sex (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.08) nor any interactions involving sex were found for RT and symptomology (\n                      <jats:italic>ps<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0\u2265\u00a00.22). No significant changes in RT for any cognitive test were observed for any condition (\n                      <jats:italic>ps<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0\u2265\u00a00.14).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest that a 10\u2010header\u2010drill has significant effects on symptomology, but no measurable effect on RT, and that sex did not influence either outcome. This supports the need to monitor sub\u2010concussive symptoms post\u2010heading. Future research should assess both immediate and longer\u2010term effects of stronger, game\u2010representative headers, across a wider range of cognitive domains.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsc.70251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T14:17:59Z","timestamp":1791382679000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Short Term Effects of Football Headers on Reaction Time and Symptomology in Males and Females"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5278-9984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yusef","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9538-6078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rithik","family":"Rajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3751-3179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Tari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7423-1088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flaminia","family":"Ronca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/24733938.2020.1846769"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7085"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2010.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682\u2010012\u20109164\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738116678615"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.04.067"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2017.1393756"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279\u2010023\u201001982\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509332497"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1080\/21622965.2018.1556102","article-title":"Gender Differences in Quality of Life and Symptom Expression During Recovery From Concussion","volume":"9","author":"Clair R.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Applied Neuropsychology: Child"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.3031\u201014.2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/01.neu.0000279972.95060.cb"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.058172"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.10.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","unstructured":"England Football [Internet].2023. \u201cLondon: the Football Association; c2001\u20102025. Heading in Football; Making the Game as Safe as Possible.\u201d [cited 2023 Sep 21]; [about 2 lines].https:\/\/www.englandfootball.com\/participate\/learn\/Brain\u2010Health\/Heading\u2010in\u2010Football#:~:text=In%202021%2C%20we%20introduced%20Heading heading%20in%20competitions%20and%20matches."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","unstructured":"Encyclopedia Britannica [Internet].1999. \u201cChicago: Encyclopedia Britannica Inc.; c2025. Football (Soccer): History Game Rules & Significant Players.\u201d [updated 2025 Aug 9; cited 2023 Sep 21]; [about 15 lines].https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/sports\/football\u2010soccer."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.23822"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2004.12.081"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s\u20100032\u20101304647"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4062423"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2024.1345868"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682\u2010021\u201000484\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4960"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports\u20102016\u2010096276"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2011.608209"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.13130545"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798\u2010023\u201000588\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2008.05.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports\u20102017\u2010097699"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279\u2010021\u201001492\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7556\/jaoa.2017.120"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/jsr.0b013e318237be53"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.938163"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2023.1145700"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279\u2010023\u201001977\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","unstructured":"Premier League [Internet].2021. \u201cLondon: Premier League; c2002\u20102025. English Football Introduces New Guidance for Heading.\u201d [cited 2023 Sep 21]; [about 26 lines].https:\/\/www.premierleague.com\/news\/2199726#:~:text=It%20will%20be%20recommended%20that impact%20of%20heading%20in%20football."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acr055"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108909"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2023-107036","article-title":"Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 6 (SCAT6)","volume":"57","author":"Ruben J. 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