{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T09:51:29Z","timestamp":1791539489822,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791504000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Sport Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Evidence suggests that exogenous ketosis (EK) induced by ketone monoester (KME) supports recovery and attenuates physiological stress during endurance exercise. However, the potential benefits of the ketone precursor R\u20101,3\u2010butanediol (BDO) during real\u2010world multi\u2010stage cycling remain unknown. We investigated the effects of post\u2010exercise BDO supplementation on physiological strain, dietary intake, hydration, cognitive function, sleep, and subjective recovery during the 2025 Absa Cape Epic mountain bike race. In this double\u2010blind, placebo\u2010controlled study, 18 trained mountain bikers (10 teams) completed an 8\u2010day multi\u2010stage race. Participants received either 87.5\u00a0mL ketone IQ (BDO) or a placebo (CON) twice daily (post\u2010stage and pre\u2010sleep). Heart rate, energy intake, sleep metrics, cognitive performance, and subjective stress\u2010recovery were monitored throughout the race. BDO induced mild post\u2010stage ketosis (\u223c1.0\u00a0mM\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010hydroxybutyrate) from stage 1 onwards. Across the race, both groups demonstrated lower exercise heart rate, increased resting heart rate, increased energy and carbohydrate intake, and slower reaction time by stage 6, indicating accumulating physiological strain. BDO did not alter any of these effects compared with placebo. These findings suggest that the modest ketosis achieved with BDO was not effective under real\u2010world racing conditions, highlighting the importance of formulation\u2010specific and ecologically valid evaluations of exogenous ketosis strategies in future studies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsc.70260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T09:19:10Z","timestamp":1791537550000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Post\u2010Exercise R\u20101,3\u2010Butanediol did not Improve Markers of Fatigue or Recovery During a Multi\u2010Stage Mountain Bike Race"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3661-8211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise","family":"Engelbrecht","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division Sport Science Department of Exercise Sport and Lifestyle Medicine Stellenbosch University  Stellenbosch South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Movement Sciences Exercise and Muscle Physiology Research Group KU Leuven  Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8085-3075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiel","family":"Poff\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Movement Sciences Exercise and Muscle Physiology Research Group KU Leuven  Leuven Belgium"},{"name":"REVAL\u2014Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences Hasselt University  Diepenbeek Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6022-1097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katrien","family":"Koppo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Movement Sciences Exercise and Muscle Physiology Research Group KU Leuven  Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4982-7028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elmarie","family":"Terblanche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division Sport Science Department of Exercise Sport and Lifestyle Medicine Stellenbosch University  Stellenbosch South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916\u2010017\u20100889\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.22.1.19"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.12.4.490"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00367.2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm\u20102014\u20100263"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132943"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00646.2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.70158"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23736\/s0022\u20104707.17.07139\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00264.2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001700"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1080\/19390211.2023.2179152","article-title":"The Effect of Novel Exogenous Ketone Supplements on Blood Beta\u2010Hydroxybutyrate and Glucose","volume":"21","author":"Falkenhain K.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Dietary Supplements"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.28985\/1425.jsc.04"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","volume-title":"Physiological Demands of the Absa Cape Epic Mountain Bike Race and Predictors of Performance","author":"Greeff M.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","volume-title":"Recovery\u2010Stress Questionnaire for Athletes: User Manual","author":"Kellmann 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