{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T22:28:46Z","timestamp":1775600926459,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Electroanalysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Glutamate is a critical neurotransmitter in the central nervous system that plays a key role in numerous physiological processes and neurological disorders. Traditional methods of glutamate detection have low spatiotemporal resolution, while electrochemical methods are limited due to glutamate not being readily redox active at unmodified carbon electrode surfaces. This study presents the development of a glutamate oxidase\u2010modified microelectrode for the sensitive, real\u2010time detection of glutamate using fast\u2010scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) with a triangle waveform. Here, we employed a chitosan\u2010hydrogel coating to immobilize glutamate oxidase onto carbon\u2010fiber microelectrodes, enabling selective metabolism of glutamate to hydrogen peroxide. The metabolism to hydrogen peroxide facilitates indirect detection with high sensitivity across a concentration range relevant to physiological concentrations. We utilized FSCV for detection, which enhanced temporal resolution and chemical selectivity, allowing for the codetection of glutamate with other neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine. We performed proof\u2010of\u2010concept validation and testing utilizing both biological fluids and complex food samples, demonstrating the enzyme\u2010modified microelectrode's broad applicability in clinical diagnostics and food quality assessment. The sensor showed excellent stability, resistance to fouling, and retained over 90% of its initial response after multiple uses. This work highlights the potential of this biosensor as a versatile tool for minimally invasive, biocompatible, rapid, and accurate glutamate measurement in a wide variety of samples for a diverse set of applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.12041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T22:04:16Z","timestamp":1742249056000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Enzyme\u2010Modified Microelectrodes for Measurement of Glutamate: Characterization and Applications"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Nadiah","family":"Alyamni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry American University  Washington DC USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering The Catholic University of America  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clarice","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry American University  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jandro L.","family":"Abot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Catholic University  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4804-4278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander G.","family":"Zestos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry American University  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-014-1180-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/872058"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-1280(94)03848-F"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.3c01267"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8091209"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.02.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-021-02943-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.2174\/092986712799462702","volume":"19","author":"Tremolizzo L.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Current Medicinal Chemistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/1945-7111\/ac0064"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14288"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23061389"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.538.130292","volume":"389","author":"Zestos A.","year":"2024","journal-title":"The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.8b00271"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2009.05.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2018.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","first-page":"e58455","volume":"141","author":"Soukupov\u00e1 M.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Visualized Experiments"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b03694"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.4c00527"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.6b00363"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2011.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-62703-370-1_8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac0010429"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2014.03.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9AN01969C"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1994.1106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-9140(95)01854-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c04029"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","unstructured":"H.LeeandT. N.Nguyen Google Patents 2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4109(200203)14:6<393::AID-ELAN393>3.0.CO;2-P","volume":"14","author":"Mikeladze E.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Electroanalysis: An International Journal Devoted to Fundamental and Practical Aspects of Electroanalysis"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-015-1679-1","volume":"183","author":"M. Noor A.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microchimica Acta"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2023.07.137"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.2c04806"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00032710903082739"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C7AY02922E"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2023.108689"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polysaccharides3020023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0AN01406K"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.4c00121"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","volume-title":"Voltammetry detection of non\u2010electroactive neurotransmitters using glassy carbon microelectrodes\u2013case of glutamate","author":"Galindo S. L. L.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025026","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0123865","volume":"13","author":"Sato N.","year":"2023","journal-title":"AIP Advances"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1842-04.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10715762.2010.534163"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja111589a"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3945","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867328666211213111812","volume":"29","author":"Hosseini E. S.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Current Medicinal Chemistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c06692"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s8085023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13121023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202406867"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.9b00832"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3926","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07940-8","volume":"12","author":"Brandner S.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-023-01863-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M.Doering J.Kieninger G. A.Urban andA.Weltin in 2022 44th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC) (IEEE 2022) 1577\u20131580.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC48229.2022.9871177"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b307024g"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac200143v"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.7b03717"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69636-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac9018846"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac401399s"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JMEMS.2020.3006829"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/14\/6\/317"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.200503348","volume":"17","author":"Zhang M.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Electroanalysis: An International Journal Devoted to Fundamental and Practical Aspects of Electroanalysis"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-9140(94)E0064-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac100536s"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2024.110055"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.127903"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202310245"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9AN01609K"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1536383X.2018.1479695"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2016.12.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2006.8.243"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.9b00544"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo3040967"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2023.105416"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.4.910S"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-46.6.522","volume":"46","author":"Tonogai Y.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Food Protection"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A.Weltin J.Kieninger andG. A.Urban in Proceedings Vol.1(MDPI 2017) 521.","DOI":"10.3390\/proceedings1040521"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2019.01.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.37358\/RC.20.8.8279","volume":"71","author":"Baciu D. D.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Revista de Chimie"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D4FD00138A"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202416608"}],"container-title":["Electroanalysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/elan.12041","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T05:18:02Z","timestamp":1764652682000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/elan.12041"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/elan.12041"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/elan.12041","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1040-0397","1521-4109"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1040-0397","type":"print"},{"value":"1521-4109","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-12-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-28","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-17","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e12041"}}