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This observation prompted us to investigate kidney tissues of other species, including man. In this paper we show that in dogs and monkeys, which are generally devoid of cyclosporine A (CsA)\u2010mediated nephrotoxicity, renal calbindin levels were not affected by the CsA treatment whereas in CsA\u2010treated human kidney\u2010transplant recipients with renal vascular or tubular toxicity, a marked decrease in renal calbindin\u2010D 28 kDa protein level was found in most of the kidney biopsy sections. The present results strongly suggest that calbindin is a marker for CsA\u2010nephrotoxicity. The discovery of calbindin\u2010D 28 kDa being involved in CsA toxicity has evolved from the application of 2\u2010DE and has not been reported previously, proving that proteomics can provide essential information in mechanistic toxicology. Considering the current improvements in proteome methods it is expected that high throughput proteomics will become an indispensable tool in preclinical safety testing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.1150191118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,28]],"date-time":"2005-05-28T12:25:42Z","timestamp":1117283142000},"page":"1998-2003","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["New insights into cyclosporine A nephrotoxicity by proteome analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Lothar","family":"Aicher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Wahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agustin","family":"Arce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Grenet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Steiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","first-page":"508","volume":"25","author":"Kahan B. 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