{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T01:54:22Z","timestamp":1768269262962,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,28]],"date-time":"2003-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1051488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Electrophoresis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We describe the use of capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) for the qualitative and quantitative determination of major alkaloids (<jats:italic>i.e.<\/jats:italic>, thebaine, codeine, morphine, papavarine and narcotine) in gum opium involving the analysis of alkaloids without derivatization or purification. Three extractions with 2.5% w\/v aqueous acetic acid quantitatively extracted major alkaloids. The separation was carried out by CZE using a 7:3 mixture of methanol and sodium acetate (100 m<jats:sc>M<\/jats:sc>, pH 3.1) at a potential of 15\u00a0kV, with UV detection at 224\u00a0nm. Spiking of pure reference alkaloid standards in the opium extract was used for peak identification. The influences of buffer composition, pH and voltage on the separation of alkaloids were studied. The detection limit of each alkaloid dissolved in methanol was found to be 850\u00a0ng\/mL (morphine), 450\u00a0ng\/mL (thebaine), 500\u00a0ng\/mL (codeine), 550\u00a0ng\/mL (papaverine), and 500\u00a0ng\/mL (narcotine) at an injection pressure of 300\u00a0mbar (injection volume, 4\u00a0nL) with a signal\u2010to\u2010noise ratio\u00a0of 3:1. The external standard method was used for the quantification of alkaloids. The calibration plot was based on linear regression analysis. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for peak area and migration time was in the range of 1.03\u20133.56% and 0.34\u20130.69%, respectively. Percentage compositions (g%) of opium alkaloids in five gum opium samples were found to be in the range of 14.45\u201315.95 (morphine), 2.0\u20133.45 (codeine), 1.32\u20132.73 (thebaine), 0.92\u20132.37 (papavarine), and 3.85\u20135.77 (narcotine). The method developed is suitable for the routine analysis of major gum opium alkaloids in samples of forensic importance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.200390185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,30]],"date-time":"2003-04-30T12:02:37Z","timestamp":1051704157000},"page":"1437-1441","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Application of capillary zone electrophoresis in the separation and determination of the principal gum opium alkaloids"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Mudiam Mohanakrishna","family":"Reddy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Velayudhan","family":"Suresh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gurumurthy","family":"Jayashanker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beedu Sashidhar","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajendra Kumar","family":"Sarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","volume-title":"Advances in Horticulture: Vol. 11 \u2013 Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","author":"Chadha K. 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