{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T07:24:45Z","timestamp":1761895485847,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,27]],"date-time":"2012-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1340755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Electrophoresis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The identification of fentanyl derivatives at trace levels employing capillary electrophoresis coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CE\u2010ESI\u2010MS<\/jats:styled-content><jats:italic><jats:sup>n<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 2, 3) is presented. The studied synthetic opioid fentanyl and its derivatives have an exceeding analgesic potency which can be up to 8000 times higher that of morphine. Apart from their therapeutical applications, there is an abuse of them in the drug scene as a heroin substitute. The identification of these opioids at trace levels is of further significant forensic interest with respect to recent seizures of clandestine fentanyl laboratories in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>ermany. In this work, a nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NACE<\/jats:styled-content>)\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ESI<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MS<\/jats:styled-content><jats:italic><jats:sup>n<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic> procedure was developed for the separation and identification of six fentanyl derivatives including fentanyl, <jats:italic>cis<\/jats:italic>\u2010 and <jats:italic>trans<\/jats:italic>\u2010methylfentanyl, sufentanil, alfentanil, and carfentanil. Their fragmentation pattern in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MS<\/jats:styled-content><jats:italic><jats:sup>n<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic> experiments were investigated as well as the influence of the sheath\u2010liquid mixture and the influence of the inside diameter of the fused silica capillary on the peak shape and the signal to noise ratio. Method validation included determination of the detection limits (about 1\u20132 nmol\/L) and the repeatability of migration time (at most 0.07% relative standard deviation). The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NACE\u2010MS<\/jats:styled-content> procedure was successfully applied for the analysis of real samples from seizures in illegal fentanyl laboratories.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.201100655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,27]],"date-time":"2012-06-27T13:04:37Z","timestamp":1340802277000},"page":"1595-1605","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Identification of fentanyl derivatives at trace levels with nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis\u2010electrospray\u2010tandem mass spectrometry (<scp>MS<\/scp><i><sup>n<\/sup><\/i>, <i>n<\/i> = 2, 3): Analytical method and forensic applications"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Jan","family":"Rittgen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Science Institute Bundeskriminalamt \u2013 Federal Criminal Police Office Wiesbaden Germany"},{"name":"Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre Chair of Analytical Chemistry Institute of Chemistry University of Rostock Rostock Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"P\u00fctz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Science Institute Bundeskriminalamt \u2013 Federal Criminal Police Office Wiesbaden Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre Chair of Analytical Chemistry Institute of Chemistry University of Rostock Rostock Germany"},{"name":"Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre Cooperation Group CMA\u2010Comprehensive Molecular Analytics Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen \u2013 German Research Centre for Environmental Health GmbH Neuherberg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"508","volume-title":"The Pharmacological Basics of Therapeutics","author":"Kennedy S. 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