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The study explores the coupling of dielectrophoresis (DEP) and AC electroosmosis (ACEO) to selectively concentrate fluoride particles from fluoride gel excipients and enhance their penetration into enamel. By measuring the frequency response of approximately 10\u2010\u03bcm\u2010sized sodium fluoride particles in an aqueous gel media, appropriate frequencies for positive DEP, negative DEP, and ACEO are identified. An assembly composed of two cross\u2010planar interdigitated electrode (IDE) arrays with open slots is driven successively by fields at appropriate frequencies to drive fluoride particles through the slots of the IDE and into the enamel pores using a combination of DEP and ACEO methods. Fluoride uptake and penetration of 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride gel into bovine tooth enamel at various depths is measured using wavelength dispersive spectrometry to compare deposition by diffusion, DEP, and DEP plus ACEO. Fluoride levels in all DEP groups were significantly higher than diffusion groups at depths 10 and 20 \u03bcm. The highest fluoride concentrations at 10, 20, 50, and 100 \u03bcm depths occur under deposition conditions combining DEP with ACEO. Fluoride levels at 50 \u03bcm were equivalent to long\u2010term prophylactic exposure. These methods may potentially benefit populations at high risk for development of caries and periodontal disease, including underserved children and disparate groups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.201300206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,30]],"date-time":"2013-07-30T08:41:38Z","timestamp":1375173698000},"page":"2945-2955","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Enhanced penetration of fluoride particles into bovine enamel by combining dielectrophoresis with AC electroosmosis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Chris S.","family":"Ivanoff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience Research College of Dentistry The University of Tennessee Health Science Center  Memphis TN USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathan S.","family":"Swami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Virginia  Charlottesville VA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy L.","family":"Hottel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience Research College of Dentistry The University of Tennessee Health Science Center  Memphis TN USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franklin","family":"Garcia\u2010Godoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience Research College of Dentistry The University of Tennessee Health Science Center  Memphis TN USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"CD002280","volume":"2","author":"Marinho V. 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