{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T17:52:05Z","timestamp":1763747525788,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"15-16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,9]],"date-time":"2016-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Electrophoresis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Present coagulation assays fail to detect mild coagulation disorders, while thrombin\u2010generation (TG) assays solve this problem. However, most of them only work with threated blood samples, which makes them labor intensive, time consuming, unreliable, and expensive. We have developed a TG electrophoretic assay that uses a thrombin specific charge\u2010changing fluorescent peptide substrate, electrophoretic separation, and requires a drop of blood. The limit of detection of the assay was 1.97 nM in phosphate buffer saline and 6.82 nM in citrated whole blood. The assay was used to determine the TG in whole blood from healthy volunteers (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 6, one aspirin user), over 30 min, after the blood was drawn; the TG increased from a baseline level of 2 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup> RFU to 1.2 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup> RFU. The lag time between the blood draw and initial burst of TG was 6 min for the volunteers (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 5) and 15 min for the aspirin user. Specificity of the assay was evaluated by reacting our substrate with the heparinized blood samples and other proteases. The TG electrophoretic assay was designed and tested in the whole human blood, requiring no sample preparation, 5 \u03bcL of blood, 45 min, and it detected differences in coagulation patterns between a volunteer taking aspirin and non\u2010aspirin users.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.201600061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,7]],"date-time":"2016-06-07T05:12:55Z","timestamp":1465276375000},"page":"2248-2256","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Thrombin generation assay in untreated whole human blood"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Augusta","family":"Modestino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering University of California San Diego  La Jolla CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Tyndall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nanoengineering University of California San Diego  La Jolla CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johnson","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nanoengineering University of California San Diego  La Jolla CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roy B.","family":"Lefkowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering University of California San Diego  La Jolla CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geert W.","family":"Schmid\u2010Sch\u00f6nbein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering University of California San Diego  La Jolla CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Heller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nanoengineering University of California San Diego  La Jolla CA USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering University of California San Diego  La Jolla CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1992.tb16916.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.moh.0000130314.33410.d7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1160\/TH06-07-0408"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/pr.2011.e30"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1242719"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1300955"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V98.12.3228"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02827247"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3182456d46"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2011.06.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2007.02847.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.478222"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1648815","volume":"72","author":"Kessels H.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Thromb. 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