{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T17:47:40Z","timestamp":1764784060108,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,3]],"date-time":"2018-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Electrophoresis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Glucuronidation catalyzed by uridine\u20105\u2032\u2010diphospho\u2010glucuronosyl\u2010transferases (UGTs) is the most important reaction in phase II metabolism of drugs and other compounds. O\u2010glucuronidation is more common than N\u2010glucuronidation. The anesthetic, analgesic and antidepressive drug ketamine is metabolized in phase I by cytochrome P450 enzymes to norketamine, hydroxynorketamine (HNK) diastereomers and dehydronorketamine (DHNK). Equine urine samples collected two hours after ketamine injection were treated with \u03b2\u2010glucuronidase and analyzed with three enantioselective capillary electrophoresis assays. Concentrations of HNK diastereomers and norketamine were significantly higher in comparison to untreated urine and an increase of ketamine and DHNK levels was found in selected but not all samples. This suggests that O\u2010glucuronides of HNK and N\u2010glucuronides of the other compounds are formed in equines. N\u2010glucuronidation of norketamine was studied in vitro with liver microsomes of different species and the single human enzyme UGT1A4. With equine liver microsomes (ELM) a stereoselective N\u2010glucuronidation of norketamine was found that compares well to the results obtained with urines collected after ketamine administration. No reaction was observed with canine liver microsomes, human liver microsomes and UGT1A4. Incubation of ketamine and DHNK with ELM did not reveal any glucuronidation. Enantioselective CE is suitable to provide insight into the phase II metabolism of ketamine and its metabolites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.201800012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,23]],"date-time":"2018-03-23T21:19:19Z","timestamp":1521839959000},"page":"1478-1481","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Enantioselective capillary electrophoresis provides insight into the phase II metabolism of ketamine and its metabolites in vivo and in vitro"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Friederike A.","family":"Sandbaumh\u00fcter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases University of Bern  Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Thormann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases University of Bern  Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00498254.2011.563327"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5507\/bp.2010.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.109.030676"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","first-page":"838","volume":"35","author":"Chiu S. 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