{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T19:10:41Z","timestamp":1790190641859,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,27]],"date-time":"2022-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Electrophoresis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Snake venom is a complex mixture of proteins and peptides secreted by venomous snakes from their poison glands. Although proteomics for snake venom composition, interspecific differences, and developmental evolution has been developed for a decade, current diagnosis or identification techniques of snake venom in clinical intoxication and forensic science applications are mainly dependent on morphological and immunoassay. It could be expected that the proteomics techniques directly offer great help. This work applied a bottom\u2010up proteomics method to identify proteins\u2019 types and species attribution in suspected snake venom samples using ultrahigh\u2010performance liquid chromatography\u2013quadrupole\u2010electrostatic field Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometric technique, and cytotoxicity assay was amended to provide a direct evidence of toxicity. Toward the suspicious samples seized in the security control, sample pretreatment (in\u2010sol and in\u2010gel digestion) and data acquisition (nontargeted and targeted screening) modes complemented and validated each other. We have implemented two consequent approaches in identifying the species source of proteins in the samples via the points of venom proteomics and strict forensic identification. First, we completed a workflow consisting of a proteomics database match toward an entire SWISS\u2010PROT (date 2018\u201011\u201022) database and a result\u2010directed specific taxonomy database. The latter was a helpful hint to compare master protein kinds and reveal the insufficiency of specific venom proteomics characterization rules. Second, we suggested strict rules for protein identification to meet the requirements of forensic science on improved identification correctness, that is, (1) peptide spectrum matches confidence, peptide confidence, and protein confidence were both high (with the false\u2010discovery ratio less than 1%); (2) the number of unique peptides was more than or equal to two in one protein, and (3) within unique peptides, which at least 75% of the <jats:italic>\u2206m<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic> of the matched y and b ions were less than 5\u00a0ppm. We identified these samples as cobra venom containing 10 highly abundant proteins (P00597, P82463, P60770, Q9YGI4, P62375, P49123, P80245, P60302, P01442, and P60304) from two snake venom protein families (acid phospholipase A2 and three\u2010finger toxins), and the most abundant proteins were cytotoxins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.202200051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,30]],"date-time":"2022-07-30T08:37:55Z","timestamp":1659170275000},"page":"337-348","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Identification evidence unraveled by strict proteomics rules toward forensic samples"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Zehua","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Academy of Military Medical Sciences  Beijing P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kexin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Academy of Military Medical Sciences  Beijing P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Academy of Military Medical Sciences  Beijing P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Academy of Military Medical Sciences  Beijing P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Science Service of Beijing Public Security Bureau, Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology Ministry of Public Security  Beijing P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4780-712X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Academy of Military Medical Sciences  Beijing P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianwei","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Academy of Military Medical Sciences  Beijing P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/d12020069"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0025802416659160"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2011.02049.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10110474"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11060363"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4238\/2015.October.29.18"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins3111373"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bsp.2012.0072"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14789450.2014.900447"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10090373"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-021419-083626"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00239-002-2403-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.09.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.5b00305"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2012.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.09.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.200700777"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2007.01.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.01.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2017.06.1201"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.9b00542"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110820"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.T400006-MCP200"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-020-03030-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","first-page":"415","article-title":"Study of the epidemiological characteristics and treatment on the patients with snake\u2010bite in the emergency department","volume":"5","author":"Bin WK","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin J Crit Care Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-12-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20040354"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2017.01.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00239-003-2461-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a021889"}],"container-title":["ELECTROPHORESIS"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/elps.202200051","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/elps.202200051","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/elps.202200051","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T08:58:16Z","timestamp":1760518696000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/elps.202200051"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,27]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/elps.202200051"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/elps.202200051","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0173-0835","1522-2683"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0173-0835","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-2683","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-02-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-07-14","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-08-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}