{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T17:41:50Z","timestamp":1769276510732,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7-8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21977050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21977050"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Electrophoresis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>In diabetes management, oral formulation of insulin (INS) has the potential to improve safety, convenience, and patient\u2010centered care compared to subcutaneous injections. However, its bioavailability remains limited, necessitating improved delivery strategies. Recent clinical trials indicate that taurocholic acid (TCA) can enhance the bioavailability of oral INS as an absorption enhancer. In this work, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI\u2010MS) analysis revealed the formation of 1:1\u20131:4 INS\u2013TCA complexes. MS\/MS was used to explore the fragmentation pathway of complex ions and confirm binding stability in the gas phase. Circular dichroism spectra showed no clear conformational change in INS upon TCA binding, even though TCA enhanced INS's structural stability. Using Taylor dispersion analysis (TDA), we determined the diffusion coefficient and hydrodynamic radius of INS and its complexes. TCA binding was observed to increase INS size in both the 1:1 and 1:2 INS\u2013TCA complexes. The binding constant of INS and TCA (1.3 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> L\/mol) with approximately five binding sites was obtained via pressure\u2010assisted capillary electrophoresis frontal analysis. Molecular docking simulations indicated that TCA binds to external binding sites on the INS B chain (near Ser\u2010B9, Glu\u2010B13, and Phe\u2010B24 residues), consistent with ESI\u2010MS and TDA results. These findings suggest that TCA binding may enhance INS absorption and increase the bioavailability of oral INS therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.8139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T08:10:03Z","timestamp":1744791003000},"page":"468-477","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Characterization of Taurocholic Acid Binding With Insulin for Potential Oral Formulation Using Different Methods"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Chang","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials Changzhou Institute of Innovation and Development School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University  Nanjing People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuanghao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials Changzhou Institute of Innovation and Development School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University  Nanjing People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Jiangyan High School of Jiangsu Province  Taizhou People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huihui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials Changzhou Institute of Innovation and Development School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University  Nanjing People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Nanjing University of Posts &amp; Telecommunications  Nanjing People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David Da Yong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia 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