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Then, different concentrations of ECM were composited with 8% alginate (Alg) and 12% silk fibroin (SF) for printing in order to produce a natural 3D construct that resembled bone tissue. The physical and biological features of the printed structures were evaluated entirely in vitro. Finally, a rat model was employed to examine the optimal 3D printed scaffold (5% ECM) as a bone transplant for the healing of cranial bone lesions. The present investigation demonstrated that decellularizing placental tissue fragments led to efficient removal of cell debris. In addition, a remarkable improvement in the printed scaffolds' mechanical and biological properties was observed by increasing the ECM concentration. The histology studies and real\u2010time PCR results demonstrated the acceleration of bone regeneration in the bone lesions treated with 5%ECM\u2010SF\/Alg at 4 and 8 weeks after implantation. Overall, these results proved that the placental ECM\u2010printed scaffolds could potentially construct biomimetic grafts to reconstruct significant bone defects and now promise to proceed with clinical studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/elsc.202400085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T15:01:25Z","timestamp":1736434885000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Optimizations of Placenta Extracellular Matrix\u2010Loaded Silk Fibroin\/Alginate 3D\u2010Printed Scaffolds Structurally and Functionally for Bone Tissue Engineering"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Zahra","family":"Bashiri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Endometrium and Endometriosis Research Center Hamadan University of Medical Sciences  Hamadan Iran"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran 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