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By investigating propagation using various in vitro culture systems, thidiazuron (TDZ)\u2010supplemented nutrient media enhanced yield from 10 plants per explant in semi\u2010solid medium, to 27 under continuous immersion in liquid media in recipient for automated temporary immersion (RITA) bioreactors, to 63 under temporary immersion in liquid media in a balloon\u2010type bubble bioreactor (BTBB). TDZ in the BTBB system also increased shoot biomass and subsequent nutrient content relative to TDZ\u2010free media in ex vitro plants. Ex vitro plants originating from both continuous and temporary media immersion in BTBBs outperformed those in all other culture systems in accumulating leaf Mg, Fe, Ca and Zn to meet the recommended dietary allowance for males and females. The genotypic variance and genetic advance of the mean at 5% selection intensity varied for each nutrient per culture system, with and without TDZ. Selective breeding at 5% selection intensity would improve leaf nutrient content but is specific to the culture system and the presence of TDZ. This is the first study to use liquid\u2010based bioreactor systems for\n                    <jats:italic>C. argentea<\/jats:italic>\n                    propagation thereby providing new opportunities to upscale plant production for high nutrient\u2010accumulating genotypes.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Practical application<\/jats:italic>\n                    : This study establishes a commercially viable protocol for the large\u2010scale clonal propagation of\n                    <jats:italic>Celosia argentea<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a nutrient\u2010rich, fast growing leafy vegetable with untapped agronomic value. Using temporary immersion bioreactors and thidiazuron\u2010supplemented media, the system delivers up to 63 plants per explant, more than 6\u2010fold the yield of conventional methods, while significantly boosting leaf biomass and nutrient content (Mg, Ca, Fe, Zn). These results position\n                    <jats:italic>C. argentea<\/jats:italic>\n                    as a functional crop for health\u2010focused markets and ready\u2010to\u2010cook vegetable lines. The low\u2010input cultivation needs and rapid production cycle (8 weeks in vitro, 8 weeks ex vitro) make it ideal for high\u2010turnover commercial nurseries, contract growers, and vertical farming operations. The systems reproducibility and high heritability of nutritional traits further support selective breeding programs for premium\u2010value cultivars. This propagation platform offers agribusinesses a scalable entry point into the expanding market for nutrient\u2010dense indigenous vegetables with health and wellness appeal.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/elsc.70038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T13:37:50Z","timestamp":1755092270000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Bioreactor Systems to Mass\u2010Produce the Undervalued Crop,\n                    <i>Celosia argentea<\/i>\n                    , With High Nutrient Impact"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6731-0802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chandika","family":"Ramlall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal, Private Bag X54001  Durban South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3329-6832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nisha","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal, Private Bag X54001  Durban South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9849-1415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shakira","family":"Shaik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal, Private Bag X54001  Durban South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gfs.2018.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","unstructured":"FAO (Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations) IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development) UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund) WFP (World Food Programme) WHO (World Health Organisation) The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2023. 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