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Women who have inherited a mutation in one of these genes are at increased risk to develop breast and\/or ovarian cancer, although there is variability in the manifestation of tumors by age and site. This variability may be explained, in part, by the <jats:italic>BRCA1\/2<\/jats:italic> mutation type or location. However, it is also possible that risk\u2010modifying factors exist that explain interindividual variability in cancer risk. These factors include genes at other loci and endogenous or exogenous exposures. A more complete understanding of factors that modify cancer risk in <jats:italic>BRCA1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>BRCA2<\/jats:italic> mutation carriers may help to refine estimates of cancer risk. A number of exposures, including reproductive history and exogenous hormone use, have been implicated as <jats:italic>BRCA1\/2<\/jats:italic>\u2010associated cancer risk modifiers. Similarly, genes involved in hormone metabolism, including the <jats:italic>AIB1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>AR<\/jats:italic> genes, have been linked with altered breast cancer risk. Therefore, although germline <jats:italic>BRCA1\/2<\/jats:italic> mutations raise a woman's breast and ovarian cancer risk, other factors may interact with <jats:italic>BRCA1\/2<\/jats:italic> mutations to modulate this risk. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 39:228\u2013234, 2002. \u00a9 2002 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/em.10050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,25]],"date-time":"2002-08-25T23:12:15Z","timestamp":1030317135000},"page":"228-234","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Inherited predisposition and breast cancer: Modifiers of <i>BRCA1\/2<\/i>\u2010associated breast cancer risk"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Timothy R.","family":"Rebbeck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03540180050032","article-title":"Cigarette smoking, N\u2010acetyltransferase 2 genetic polymorphisms, and breast cancer risk","volume":"276","author":"Ambrosone 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