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The aim of this study was to find out if these compounds (bixin, BIX and norbixin, NOR), protect against DNA\u2010damage caused by the metal. Therefore, rats were treated orally with methylmercury (MeHg) and with the carotenoids under conditions that are relevant to humans. The animals were treated either with MeHg (30 \u03bcg\/kg\/bw\/day), BIX (0.1\u201310 mg\/kg\/bw\/day), NOR (0.01\u20131.0 mg\/kg\/bw\/day) or combinations of the metal compound and the carotenoids consecutively for 45 days. Subsequently, the glutathione levels (GSH) and the activity of catalase were determined, and DNA\u2010damage was measured in hepatocytes and leukocytes using single cell gel electrophoresis assays. Treatment with the metal alone caused a decrease in the GSH levels (35%) and induced DNA damage, which resulted in increased DNA migration after electrophoresis in liver and blood cells, whereas no effects were seen with the carotenoids alone. When BIX or NOR were given in combination with organic mercury, the intermediate and the highest concentrations of the carotenoids (1.0 and 10.0 mg\/kg\/bw\/day BIX and 0.1 and 1.0 mg\/kg\/bw\/day NOR) protected against DNA\u2010damage. Furthermore, we found with both carotenoids, a moderate increase in the GSH levels in both metal\u2010treated and untreated animals, while the activities of catalase remained unchanged. Our results indicate that consumption of BIX and NOR may protect humans against the adverse health effects caused by exposure to organic mercury. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2012. \u00a9 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/em.21715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,30]],"date-time":"2012-07-30T09:26:58Z","timestamp":1343640418000},"page":"535-541","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Bixin and norbixin protect against DNA\u2010damage and alterations of redox status induced by methylmercury exposure in vivo"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Gustavo Rafael Mazzaron","family":"Barcelos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"Grotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana Mara","family":"Serpeloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre Ferro","family":"Aissa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lus\u00e2nia Maria Greggi","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siegfried","family":"Knasm\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Fernando","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(84)05016-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2004.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2005.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2005.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2280(1998)31:4<352::AID-EM8>3.0.CO;2-K"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/em.20494"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-011-0652-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/REVEH.2007.22.2.91"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2009.05.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5718(00)00083-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/156801105774574667"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2009.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(00)00771-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2008.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108s129"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2004.042093"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408440600845619"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10408369708998098"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2280(2000)35:4<270::AID-EM2>3.0.CO;2-L"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2009.00519.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/53.1.194S"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004200050027"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2005.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(59)90090-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(00)00855-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf011325h"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","unstructured":"Ghiraldini JE.1989. 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