{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T09:44:12Z","timestamp":1774777452323,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,26]],"date-time":"2017-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1493164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ and Mol Mutagen"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In vitro cell transformation assays (CTA) are used to assess the carcinogenic potential of chemicals and complex mixtures and can detect nongenotoxic as well as genotoxic carcinogens. The Bhas 42 CTA has been developed with both initiation and promotion protocols to distinguish between these two carcinogen classes. Cigarette smoke is known to be carcinogenic and is positive in in vitro genotoxicity assays. Cigarette smoke also contains nongenotoxic carcinogens and is a tumour promoter and cocarcinogen in vivo. We have combined a suite of in vitro assays to compare the relative biological effects of new categories of tobacco and nicotine products with traditional cigarettes. The Bhas promotion assay has been included in this test battery to provide an in vitro surrogate for detecting tumor promoters. The activity of an electronic cigarette (e\u2010cigarette; Vype ePen) was compared to that of a reference cigarette (3R4F) in the promotion assay, using total particulate matter (TPM)\/aerosol collected matter (ACM) and aqueous extracts (AqE) of product aerosol emissions. 3R4F TPM was positive in this assay at concentrations \u22656 \u00b5g\/mL, while e\u2010cigarette ACM did not have any promoter activity. AqE was found to be a lesssuitable test matrix in this assay due to high cytotoxicity. This is the first study to use the Bhas assay to compare tobacco and nicotine products and demonstrates the potential for its future application as part of a product assessment framework. These data add to growing evidence suggesting that e\u2010cigarettes may provide a safer alternative to traditional cigarettes. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 58:190\u2013198, 2017. \u00a9 2017 The Authors. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/em.22091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,26]],"date-time":"2017-04-26T14:06:35Z","timestamp":1493215595000},"page":"190-198","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Comparative tumor promotion assessment of e\u2010cigarette and cigarettes using the in vitro Bhas 42 cell transformation assay"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Damien","family":"Breheny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"British American Tobacco, Research and Development Southampton UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oluwatobiloba","family":"Oke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British American Tobacco, Research and Development Southampton UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamala","family":"Pant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetic Toxicology Bioreliance Corporation Rockville Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marianna","family":"Ga\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British American Tobacco, Research and Development Southampton UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2008.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/2001182a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2004.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2015.08.714"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","unstructured":"Cancer Research UK.2016a. UK cancer incidence statistics. Cancer Research UK Website (accessed November 22 2016)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","unstructured":"Cancer Research UK.2016b. UK cancer mortality statistics for common cancers. Cancer Research UK Website (accessed November 22 2016)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370290084746"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","unstructured":"CORESTA.2015.CORESTA Recommended Method No. 81. Routine analytical machine for e\u2010cigarette aerosol generation and collection\u2014Definitions and standard conditions. CRM No 81 2015.https:\/\/www.coresta.org\/sites\/default\/files\/technical_documents\/main\/CRM_81.pdf(accessed December 3 2016)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2007.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/66.6.1192"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","unstructured":"EURL ECVAM.2013. EU Reference Laboratory for Alternatives to Animal Testing. EURL ECVAM recommendation on the cell transformation assay based on the Bhas 42 cell line. JRC Scientific and Policy Reports 2013.https:\/\/eurl-ecvam.jrc.ec.europa.eu\/eurl-ecvam-recommendations\/files-bhas\/EURL_ECVAM_Recommendation_Bhas-CTA_2013.pdf(accessed December 3 2016)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","volume-title":"Analytical Assessment of e\u2010Cigarettes: From Contents to Chemical and Particle Exposure Profiles","author":"Farsalinos KE","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","unstructured":"FerlayJ SoerjomataramI ErvikM DikshitR EserS MathersC RebeloM ParkinDM FormanD BrayF.2013. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0 Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11. Lyon France: International Agency for Research on Cancer."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/em.22000"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","unstructured":"Health Canada.1999. Health Canada Official Method T\u2010115. Determination of \u201cTar\u201d Nicotine and Carbon Monoxide in Mainstream Tobacco Smoke. Department of Health December 31 1999."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgi148"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization1999. Tobacco and tobacco products\u2014Atmosphere for conditioning and testing. ISO 3402:1999.http:\/\/www.iso.org\/iso\/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=28324(accessed December 3 2016)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization2000. Cigarettes\u2014determination of total and nicotine\u2010free dry particulate matter using a routine analytical smoking machine. ISO 4387:2000.http:\/\/www.iso.org\/iso\/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=28323(accessed December 3 2016)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"A framework for the assessment of reduced risk tobacco and nicotine products","volume":"41","author":"Lowe F","year":"2015","journal-title":"Recent Adv Tob Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.6b00188"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2004.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2003.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/026119290503300616","article-title":"Inter\u2010laboratory collaborative study of cell transformation assay for tumor promoters using Bhas 42 cells by non\u2010genotoxic carcinogen study group in Japan","volume":"33","author":"Ohmori K","year":"2005","journal-title":"Altern Lab Anim"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","unstructured":"Organisation for Economic and Cooperative Development.2016. Guidance Document on the in vitro Bhas 42 cell transformation assay. Series on Testing and Assessment. No. 231. Paris.https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/env\/ehs\/testing\/ENV_JM_MONO(2016)1.pdf (accessed December 3 2016)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35077256"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","volume-title":"E\u2010cigarettes: An Evidence Update","author":"Public Health England","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b13973"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1959.68"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","volume-title":"Nicotine without smoke: Tobacco harm reduction","author":"Royal College of Physicians","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","first-page":"411","article-title":"Establishment of a highly reproducible transformation assay of a ras\u2010transfected BALB\/3T3 clone by treatment with promoters","volume":"52","author":"Sasaki K","year":"1990","journal-title":"Basic Life Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2006.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15376516.2016.1222473"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2015.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2016.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2016.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10915810701490422"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/026119291304100207"}],"container-title":["Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fem.22091","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/em.22091","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T15:17:19Z","timestamp":1696605439000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/em.22091"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,26]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/em.22091"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/em.22091","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0893-6692","1098-2280"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0893-6692","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-2280","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,26]]}}}