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In the present study, the effects of fluoride exposure on <jats:italic>B. gargarizans<\/jats:italic> embryos were investigated. First, fluoride teratogenic experiment showed that the 9 days EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> of fluoride on <jats:italic>B. gargarizans<\/jats:italic> embryos was 177.62\u00a0mg\/L. Then, we studied the sublethal effects of fluoride on <jats:italic>B. gargarizans<\/jats:italic> embryos at control, 0.7, 4.1, 19.6, 41.9, and 62.7\u00a0mg\/L fluoride concentration. Malformation, growth, and development of embryos were monitored, and type 2 and 3 iodothyronine deiodinase (<jats:italic>Dio2<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Dio3<\/jats:italic>), thyroid hormone receptors (<jats:italic>TR\u03b1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>TR\u03b2<\/jats:italic>) mRNA levels were measured. Our results showed the morphological malformations, such as tail curvature (lordosis), edema, cuticularized ciliated cells, and hyperplasia were occurred during fluoride exposure. Growth and development were all inhibited at 19.5, 41.9, and 62.7\u00a0mg\/L fluoride\u2010treated groups after 9\u00a0days\u2019 exposure. According to real\u2010time PCR results, exposure to fluoride upregulated <jats:italic>Dio3<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>TR\u03b2<\/jats:italic> mRNA expression and downregulated <jats:italic>Dio2<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>TR\u03b1<\/jats:italic> mRNA level. All above indicated that excessive fluoride could induce morphology malformations, inhibit embryonic growth and development, and disrupt the normal function of maternal thyroid hormone in <jats:italic>B. gargarizans<\/jats:italic> embryos. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:123\u2013133, 2018. \u00a9 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/em.22147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,12]],"date-time":"2017-10-12T07:46:46Z","timestamp":1507794406000},"page":"123-133","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Effects of fluoride on morphology, growth, development, and thyroid hormone of Chinese toad (<i>Bufo gargarizans<\/i>) embryos"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Yuhui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences Shaanxi 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