{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T06:10:50Z","timestamp":1784614250031,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,15]],"date-time":"2017-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1513296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2013\u20105621"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013\u20105621"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014\u20104598"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014\u20104598"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006636","name":"Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2011\u20130832"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2011\u20130832"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006636","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ and Mol Mutagen"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Nickel (Ni) compounds are classified as carcinogenic to humans but the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. Furthermore, effects related to nanoparticles (NPs) of Ni have not been fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate genotoxicity and mutagenicity of Ni and NiO NPs and compare the effect to soluble Ni from NiCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. We employed different models; i.e., exposure of (1) human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) followed by DNA strand break analysis (comet assay and \u03b3\u2010H2AX staining); (2) six different mouse embryonic stem (mES) reporter cell lines (ToxTracker) that are constructed to exhibit fluorescence upon the induction of various pathways of relevance for (geno)toxicity and cancer; and (3) mES cells followed by mutagenicity testing (<jats:italic>Hprt<\/jats:italic> assay). The results showed increased DNA strand breaks (comet assay) for the NiO NPs and at higher doses also for the Ni NPs whereas no effects were observed for Ni ions\/complexes from NiCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. By employing the reporter cell lines, oxidative stress was observed as the main toxic mechanism and protein unfolding occurred at cytotoxic doses for all three Ni\u2010containing materials. Oxidative stress was also detected in the HBEC cells following NP\u2010exposure. None of these materials induced the reporter related to direct DNA damage and stalled replication forks. A small but statistically significant increase in <jats:italic>Hprt<\/jats:italic> mutations was observed for NiO but only at one dose. We conclude that Ni and NiO NPs show more pronounced (geno)toxic effects compared to Ni ions\/complexes, indicating more serious health concerns. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:211\u2013222, 2018. \u00a9 2017 The Authors Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Environmental Mutagen Society<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/em.22163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,16]],"date-time":"2017-12-16T10:55:56Z","timestamp":1513421756000},"page":"211-222","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Genotoxic and mutagenic properties of Ni and NiO nanoparticles investigated by comet assay, \u03b3\u2010H2AX staining, <i>Hprt<\/i> mutation assay and ToxTracker reporter cell lines"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Emma","family":"\u00c5kerlund","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Biochemical Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm 171 77 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Cappellini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Biochemical Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm 171 77 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastiano","family":"Di Bucchianico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Biochemical Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm 171 77 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shafiqul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Biochemical Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm 171 77 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Skoglund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, School of Chemical Science and Engineering KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Remco","family":"Derr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxys, Robert Boyleweg 4, 2333 CG Leiden the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inger","family":"Odnevall Wallinder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, School of Chemical Science and Engineering KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giel","family":"Hendriks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxys, Robert Boyleweg 4, 2333 CG Leiden the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna L.","family":"Karlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Biochemical Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm 171 77 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S58044"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-013-9871-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2005.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/gew030"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2011.09.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162522"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms14022617"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10408444.2010.531460"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233715572562"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfr281"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfv323"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-015-0100-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","unstructured":"IARC.1990. 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