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Here, we aimed to examine the biological processes influenced by TCE exposure to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms. This cross\u2010sectional molecular epidemiology study included data of 1317 targeted proteins in the serum from 42 TCE exposed and 34 unexposed factory workers in Guangdong, China. We used multivariable linear regressions to identify proteins associated with TCE exposure and examined their exposure\u2010response relationship across categories of TCE exposure (unexposed, low exposed: &lt;10\u00a0ppm, high exposed: \u226510\u00a0ppm). We further examined pathway enrichment of TCE\u2010related proteins to understand their biological response. Occupational exposure to TCE was associated with lower levels of tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 17 (TNFRSF17; <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0\u2212.08; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2010value\u00a0=\u00a0.0003) and kynureninase (KYNU; <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0\u2212.10, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2010value\u00a0=\u00a0.002). These proteins also showed a significant exposure\u2010response relation across the unexposed, low exposed, and high exposed workers (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2010trends\u2009&lt;\u2009.001, false discovery rate [FDR]\u2009&lt;\u20090.20). Pathway analysis of TCE\u2010related proteins showed significant enrichment (FDR\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) for several inflammatory and immune pathways. TCE exposure was associated with TNFRSF17, a key B\u2010cell maturation antigen that mediates B\u2010cell survival and KYNU, an enzyme that plays a role in T\u2010cell mediated immune response. Given that altered immunity is an established risk factor for NHL, our findings support the biological plausibility of linking TCE exposure with NHL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/em.22518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T12:51:58Z","timestamp":1667911918000},"page":"423-428","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Targeted proteomic scan identifies alteration of serum proteins among workers occupationally exposed to low levels of trichloroethylene"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"H. Dean","family":"Hosgood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Population Health Albert Einstein College of Medicine  Bronx New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8322-0495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad L.","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics National Cancer Institute  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deanna","family":"Blansky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Population Health Albert Einstein College of Medicine  Bronx New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics National Cancer Institute  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meghan","family":"Davitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Population Health Albert Einstein College of Medicine  Bronx New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cuiju","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Poison Control Center  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongshun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Poison Control Center  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaojiang","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Prevention and Treatment Institute for Occupational Diseases  Changsha Hunan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laiyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Poison Control Center  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martyn T.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environmental Health Sciences School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley  Berkeley California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luoping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley  Berkeley California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roel","family":"Vermeulen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of IRAS Utrecht University  Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel","family":"Rothman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics National Cancer Institute  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bryan A.","family":"Bassig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics National Cancer Institute  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics National Cancer Institute  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1184"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgw053"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(01)00297-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14755-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4137\/IJTR.S2097"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-0135-0_21"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.5951"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.5.3268"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI97488"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2012-101212"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp211"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgq121"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2018-105583"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.13432"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903670"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2021.13051"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.189.9.1363"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","volume-title":"Review 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