{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T06:31:40Z","timestamp":1787639500282,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,14]],"date-time":"2006-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1152835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4212,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ and Mol Mutagen"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although individuals who abuse drugs are prone to an increased risk of malignancy, the mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of these agents has received relatively little attention. We report here on the potential of morphine to induce micronuclei in murine lymphocytes. Following a single intraperitoneal injection of 20 mg\/kg morphine, the frequency of micronucleated binuclear (cytochalasin\u2010blocked) murine T\u2010 and B\u2010splenocytes was elevated from 1 2\u201336 hr after treatment. The maximum frequencies seen 24 hr after injection were 6.3\u2013 and 4.9\u2013fold greater than the respective controls. A dose\u2010dependent induction of micronuclei was observed from 5\u201320 mg\/kg morphine, with no further increases in frequency produced by higher doses. In contrast, incubation of mitogen\u2010stimulated splenocytes with 10\u2010<jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup>\u201010\u2010<jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup> M morphine in vitro produced no change in frequency of micronucleated cells relative to controls. Treatment with the narcotic antagonist naloxone (5 mg\/kg) alone had no effect on the frequency of micronuclei, but reduced the clasto\u2010genic response of a subsequently administered dose of morphine (20 mg\/kg). Thus, in murine lymphocytes morphine indirectly produces genetic damage, which is at least in part opioid receptor\u2010mediated. \u00a9 1995 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/em.2850250403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,21]],"date-time":"2007-02-21T19:07:42Z","timestamp":1172084862000},"page":"279-283","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Induction of micronuclei in murine lymphocytes by morphine"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Satin G.","family":"Sawant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David B.","family":"Couch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/em.2850240204"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1971.01750140085014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-198-43309B"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"112","article-title":"Mutagenic evaluation of morphine sulphate and pethidine hydrochloride in mice by the micronucleus test","volume":"75","author":"Das RK","year":"1982","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"100","volume-title":"Basic and Clinical Biostatistics","author":"Dawson\u2010Saunders B","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/em.2850130104"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/em.2850100407"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1980.01780150117012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1972.01750280077013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-5925-8_21"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"595","volume-title":"Neurotoxicology","author":"Fischman HK","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1218(83)90118-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007691-199101000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(83)80343-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197208102870620"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/em.2850180414"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","first-page":"485","volume-title":"The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics","author":"Jaffe JH","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J069v10n01_16"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.76.11.5769"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(89)90171-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1254\/jjp.63.235"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","first-page":"202","volume-title":"Physicians' Desk Reference","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(70)90049-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(83)90096-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1161(90)90043-N"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10826089009067002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/em.2850230107"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.06.040188.001251"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","first-page":"367","volume-title":"Biometry. The Principles and Practice of Statistics in Biological Research","author":"Sokal RR","year":"1969"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1218(80)90031-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/4.1.6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10520298809107610"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03610737608257178"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.177.4049.618"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(80)90012-3"}],"container-title":["Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fem.2850250403","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/em.2850250403","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T17:46:12Z","timestamp":1698255972000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/em.2850250403"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,1]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/em.2850250403"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/em.2850250403","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0893-6692","1098-2280"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0893-6692","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-2280","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,1]]}}}