{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T22:47:04Z","timestamp":1770504424168,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,14]],"date-time":"2006-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1152835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7864,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ. mutagen"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1985,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nitrilotriacetic acid trisodium salt (NTA), which is a substitute for polyphosphates in household laundry detergents, and N\u2010nitrosoiminodiacetic acid (NIDA), a derivative of NTA produced by metabolism of soil microorganisms, were tested for in vitro mutagenicity in bacteria and yeasts. No gene reversions in five strains of <jats:italic>Salmonella typhimurium<\/jats:italic> (TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA98, and (TA100), no forward gene mutations in <jats:italic>Schizosaccharomyces pombe<\/jats:italic> P1, and no mitotic gene conversions at two loci in <jats:italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae<\/jats:italic> D4 were induced by NTA (up to 870 \u03bc\/plate or 40 \u03bc\/ml) and NIDA (up to 2,000 \u03bc\/plate or 1,000 \u03bc\/ ml), independently of the presence of rat liver metabolic activation. The influence of NTA on the mutagenic and clastogenic activity of several chromium compounds was examined in the <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\/microsome assay and in the sister chromatid exchange (SCE) assay in mammalian cell cultures (Chinese hamster ovary [CHO] line). NTA does not affect the genetic inactivity of water\u2010soluble Cr(III) (Cr<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>[SO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>]3) and the direct mutagenicity of soluble Cr(VI) (Na<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>CrO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>,K<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>Cr<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>7<\/jats:sub>) compounds. The very insoluble Cr(VI) compounds PbCrO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> and PbCrO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>. PbO are instead clearly mutagenic in the <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\/microsome assay (TA 100 strain) only in the presence of NTA or NaOH. The mutagenicity of lead chromates is correlated with the amounts of Cr(VI) solubilized by NTA or alkali, as detected by the colorimetric reaction with diphenylcarbazide and atomic absorption spectrophoto\u2010metry. In the SCE assay, the insoluble lead chromates are directly clastogenic owing to prolonged treatment conditions and cellular endocytosis. The chromosome\u2010damaging activity of PbCrO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> is significantly increased by NTA but not by NaOH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/em.2860070207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,20]],"date-time":"2007-02-20T22:38:41Z","timestamp":1172011121000},"page":"185-200","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Increased mutagenicity of chromium compounds by nitrilotriacetic acid"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"N.","family":"Loprieno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Boncristiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Venier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Montaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Majone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Bianchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Paglialunga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. 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