{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:19:52Z","timestamp":1791299992727,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,14]],"date-time":"2006-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1152835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7499,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ. mutagen"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1986,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A simple modification of the <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> liquid incubation assay previously developed for detecting mutagens in urine was used to determine mutagenic activity of airborne particulate matter. The modification consists of adding ten times more bacteria (approximately 10<jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup> per incubation tube) and five to ten times less metabolic enzymes compared to the plate incorporation method. The mixture volume is approximately 0.2 ml, and the mixture is incubated for 90 min before pouring it according to the standard protocol. The modified procedure (micro preincubation or microsuspension) was approximately ten times more sensitive than the standard plate incorporation test for detecting mutagens in air particulate extracts and approximately ten to 31 times more sensitive for the chemical mutagens 2\u2010nitrofluorene, 4\u2010nitroquinoline\u2010N\u2010oxide, 2\u2010aminofluorene, and benzo(a)pyrene in bacterial strain TA98. Mutagenic activity was detected in particle extracts obtained from 1 m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> of air (17 \u03bcMg of extract) or less. This microsuspension procedure was applied to air particulate samples collected with low\u2010volume (15\u201350 liters per min) virtual\u2010dichotomous air samplers. Mutagenic activity was associated exclusively with fine particles (aerodynamic diameters of less than 2.5 \u03bcm). Diurnal patterns of mutagenic activity (TA98 revertants per cubic meter air) were investigated by measuring filter extracts from 2\u2010hr samples collected in three San Francisco Bay Area cities during the summer or fall of 1982. Four criteria pollutants\u2014lead, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and sulfur dioxide\u2014were simultaneously sampled at one location. Mutagenicity from fine particles sampled at this location was highly correlated with lead and much less correlated with nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and sulfur dioxide. The microsuspension procedure is applicable in testing samples of limited mass.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/em.2860080106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,20]],"date-time":"2007-02-20T22:54:40Z","timestamp":1172012080000},"page":"53-66","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Mutagenicity of fine (&lt; 2.5 \u03bcm) airborne particles: Diurnal variation in community air determined by a salmonella micro preincubation (microsuspension) procedure"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Norman Y.","family":"Kado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guirguis N.","family":"Guirguis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. Peter","family":"Flessel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond C.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuo\u2010In","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerome J.","family":"Wesolowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1161(75)90046-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Determination of Particulate Lead. Method 41","author":"California Department of Health Services","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1110(80)90007-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"67","volume-title":"Application of Short\u2010term Bioassays in the Fractionation and Analysis of Complex Environmental Mixtures","author":"Flessel P","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0160-4120(85)90021-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(83)90084-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-7992(83)90082-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1218(85)90120-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"LooBW AdachiRS CorkCP GouldingFS JaklevicJM LandisDA SearlesWL(1979): A second generation dichotomous sampler for large\u2010scale monitoring of airborne particulate matter. LBL\u20108725 Presented at the 86th annual meeting of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers Houston Texas."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)52451-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.72.3.979"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(80)90111-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4274(77)90023-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-7992(82)90117-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Chemical Nature of Particulate Atmospheric Mutagens in California's South Coast Air Basin","author":"Pitts JN","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(76)90080-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1110(83)90034-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/em.2860040504"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1218(80)90087-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/58.2.449","article-title":"Airborne mutagens bioassayed in Salmonella typhimurium","volume":"58","author":"Talcott R","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(77)90165-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Quality Assurance Handbook for Air Pollution Measurement Systems. Vol II Ambient Air Specific Methods","author":"US EPA","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8502(81)90100-2"}],"container-title":["Environmental Mutagenesis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fem.2860080106","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/em.2860080106","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,21]],"date-time":"2023-10-21T21:16:33Z","timestamp":1697922993000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/em.2860080106"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1986,1]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1986,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/em.2860080106"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/em.2860080106","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0192-2521","1930-238X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0192-2521","type":"print"},{"value":"1930-238X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1986,1]]}}}