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A One Environmental Health approach, studying the responses of American alligators (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Alligator mississippiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) that are considered apex sentinel organisms to environmental toxicants, is crucial. Due to their long\u2010lived lifestyle on land and water, including a wide range of prey items in their diet and their ability to bioaccumulate metals, alligators serve as effective indicators of heavy metal pollution, which poses risks to aquatic ecosystems and human health. In this study, we examined DNA damage in American alligators from three locations in Florida using comet assay. We found alligators in Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge had significantly higher DNA damage levels compared to those in Lake Apopka and Lake Woodruff. This trend was consistent across both sexes, with no observed sex differences. Similarly, DNA damage levels were significantly higher in both adult and juvenile alligators from Merritt Island compared to the other locations. Notably, juvenile alligators exhibited higher DNA damage than adults, with animals from Merritt Island exhibiting particularly elevated levels.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/em.70047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T06:20:21Z","timestamp":1777098021000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Survey of\n                    <scp>DNA<\/scp>\n                    Damage in American Alligators (\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Alligator mississippiensis<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    ) in Florida"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6711-0314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haiyan","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Louisville  Louisville Kentucky USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Idoia","family":"Meaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Louisville  Louisville Kentucky USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel M.","family":"Wise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Louisville  Louisville Kentucky USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James T. F.","family":"Wise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wise Laboratory of Nutritional Toxicology and Metabolism, Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resilience University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa  Honolulu Hawaii USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra S.","family":"Diven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Louisville  Louisville Kentucky USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tayler J.","family":"Croom\u2010P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Louisville  Louisville Kentucky USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer H.","family":"Toyoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Louisville  Louisville Kentucky USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Sr.","given":"John Pierce","family":"Wise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Louisville  Louisville Kentucky USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"314","article-title":"Sexual Dimorphism in the Genital Morphology of Young American Alligators, Alligator mississippiensis","volume":"51","author":"Allsteadt J.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Herpetologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.643972"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661\u2010022\u201010159\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2019.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090\u20103558\u201046.4.1234"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661\u2010012\u20103027\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","unstructured":"CDC.2024.About One Health.https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/one\u2010health\/about\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596\u2010022\u201000754\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2018.04.072"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","unstructured":"EPA.2024.Learn about Harmful Algae Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins.https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/habs\/learn\u2010about\u2010harmful\u2010algae\u2010cyanobacteria\u2010and\u2010cyanotoxins."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2019.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","volume-title":"Pesticides in the Modern World","author":"Gargee M.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03067310902977526"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2023.115011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00006617"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/40.3.438"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.94102680"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2016.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.04.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20194690"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Havens K.2013.\u201cDeep Problems in Shallow Lakes: Why Controlling Phosphorus Inputs May Not Restore Water Quality: SGEF198 SG128 1 2013\u201d.EDIS 2013 (1). 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