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Children are especially vulnerable due to their developing organs, immature immune systems, and higher ventilation rates relative to their body size. Although the adverse health effects of air pollution are well established, the contribution of specific pollutant constituents and the biological mechanisms underlying these effects are not fully understood. This pilot study investigates biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation and their association with urinary biomarkers of air pollutant exposure in children. Eighteen children were recruited from an elementary school in Stockton, CA and provided a total of 67 urine samples. Biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation were measured using enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assays. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry was used to measure urinary metabolites of six VOCs and four PAHs. Biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation were positively correlated with urinary metabolites of acrylonitrile, acrolein, crotonaldehyde, naphthalene, and fluorene. Two\u2010fold increases in crotonaldehyde and naphthalene metabolite levels were significantly associated with 8\u2010Isop, 8\u2010OHdG and PGE2, with percent\u2010changes ranging from 13%\u201321% and 11%\u201316%, respectively. A two\u2010fold increase in crotonaldehyde metabolite level was also significantly associated with a 41% change in CC16. These results suggest that urinary biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation may serve as useful tools for assessing chemical exposures and early biological effects in children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/em.70061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T05:40:06Z","timestamp":1780292406000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Urinary Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect in California Schoolchildren From a High Air Pollution Area"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7559-2226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weihong","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environmental Health Sciences Berkeley Public Health, University of California  Berkeley California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosemary","family":"Castorina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), Berkeley Public Health, University of California  Berkeley California USA"},{"name":"Environmental Health Laboratory Branch, Center for Laboratory Sciences, California Department of Public Health  Richmond California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Hurley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Investigations Branch California Department of Public Health  Richmond California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aalekhya","family":"Reddam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency  Oakland California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert B.","family":"Gunier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), Berkeley Public Health, University of California  Berkeley California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peyton","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine University of California, San Francisco (UCSF)  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josephine","family":"DeGuzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Laboratory Branch, Center for Laboratory Sciences, California Department of Public Health  Richmond California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianwen","family":"She","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Laboratory Branch, Center for Laboratory Sciences, California Department of Public Health  Richmond California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asa","family":"Bradman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health University of California  Merced California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Holland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environmental Health Sciences Berkeley Public Health, University of California  Berkeley California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2014.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2016.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e318162f5eb"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","volume-title":"Toxicological Profile for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)","author":"ATSDR","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00456"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13050521"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2013-204734"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174419000825"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(00)81182-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370701864797"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","first-page":"373","article-title":"Occurrence of 13 Volatile Organic Compounds in Foods From the Canadian Total Diet Study","volume":"33","author":"Cao X. 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