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Propagation to the pons, midbrain and forebrain followed a stereotypical pattern of topographical distribution. It affected areas such as the coeruleus\u2013subcoeruleus complex, dorsal raphae, hypothalamus and amygdala ipsilateral and, to a lesser extent, contralateral to the injection side. Spreading was accompanied by evidence of neuritic pathology in the form of axonal varicosities intensely immunoreactive for human \u03b1\u2010synuclein and containing Thioflavin\u2010S\u2010positive fibrils. Thus, overexpression of human \u03b1\u2010synuclein in the lower brainstem is sufficient to induce its long\u2010distance caudo\u2010rostral propagation, recapitulating features of Parkinson's disease and mechanisms of disease progression.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/emmm.201302475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,23]],"date-time":"2013-05-23T14:05:24Z","timestamp":1369317924000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":241,"title":["Caudo\u2010rostral brain spreading of \u03b1\u2010synuclein through vagal connections"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Ayse","family":"Ulusoy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffaella","family":"Rusconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blanca I.","family":"P\u00e9rez\u2010Revuelta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth E.","family":"Musgrove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Helwig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bettina","family":"Winzen\u2010Reichert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donato A. 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