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Here we show that dynamic and variable decidual angiogenesis (sprouting, intussusception and networking), and active vigorous vascular remodelling such as enlargement and elongation of \u2018vascular sinus folding\u2019 (VSF) and mural cell drop\u2010out occur distinctly in a spatiotemporal manner in the rapidly growing mouse uterus during early pregnancy \u2014 just after implantation but before placentation. Decidual angiogenesis is mainly regulated through VEGF\u2010A secreted from the progesterone receptor (PR)\u2010expressing decidual stromal cells which are largely distributed in the anti\u2010mesometrial region (AMR). In comparison, P\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010PR\u2010regulated VEGF\u2010A\u2010VEGFR2 signalling, ligand\u2010independent VEGFR3 signalling and uterine natural killer (uNK) cells positively and coordinately regulate enlargement and elongation of VSF. During the postpartum period, Tie2 signalling could be involved in vascular maturation at the endometrium in a ligand\u2010independent manner, with marked reduction of VEGF\u2010A, VEGFR2 and PR expressions. Overall, we show that two key vascular growth factor receptors \u2014 VEGFR2 and Tie2 \u2014 strikingly but differentially regulate decidual angiogenesis and vascular remodelling in rapidly growing and regressing uteri in an organotypic manner.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/emmm.201302618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,12]],"date-time":"2013-07-12T05:53:00Z","timestamp":1373608380000},"page":"1415-1430","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":179,"title":["VEGF\u2010A regulated by progesterone governs uterine angiogenesis and vascular remodelling during pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Minah","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeung Ju","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae Won","family":"Seol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeon Yeob","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young\u2010Suk","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyu Rae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youngsok","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John P.","family":"Lydon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco J.","family":"DeMayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masabumi","family":"Shibuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Napoleone","family":"Ferrara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hoon\u2010Ki","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andras","family":"Nagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kari","family":"Alitalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gou Young","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFEMMM201302618_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2639","volume":"10","author":"HG Augustin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Augustin HG, Koh GY, Thurston G, Alitalo K (2009) Control of vascular morphogenesis and homeostasis through the angiopoietin\u2010Tie system. 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