{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T16:49:40Z","timestamp":1786812580221,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,31]],"date-time":"2022-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmetrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recent ecological analyses suggest air pollution exposure may increase susceptibility to and severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID\u201019). Individual\u2010level studies are needed to clarify the relationship between air pollution exposure and COVID\u201019 outcomes. We conduct an individual\u2010level analysis of long\u2010term exposure to air pollution and weather on peak COVID\u201019 severity. We develop a Bayesian multinomial logistic regression model with a multiple imputation approach to impute partially missing health outcomes. Our approach is based on the stick\u2010breaking representation of the multinomial distribution, which offers computational advantages, but presents challenges in interpreting regression coefficients. We propose a novel inferential approach to address these challenges. In a simulation study, we demonstrate our method's ability to impute missing outcome data and improve estimation of regression coefficients compared to a complete case analysis. In our analysis of 55,273 COVID\u201019 cases in Denver, Colorado, increased annual exposure to fine particulate matter in the year prior to the pandemic was associated with increased risk of severe COVID\u201019 outcomes. We also found COVID\u201019 disease severity to be associated with interactions between exposures. Our individual\u2010level analysis fills a gap in the literature and helps to elucidate the association between long\u2010term exposure to air pollution and COVID\u201019 outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/env.2751","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T04:55:05Z","timestamp":1659329705000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Association between air pollution and COVID\u201019 disease severity via Bayesian multinomial logistic regression with partially missing outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9320-8622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren","family":"Hoskovec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9206-5132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheena","family":"Martenies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Community Health University of Illinois at Urbana\u2010Champaign  Urbana\u2010Champaign Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tori L.","family":"Burket","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Denver Department of Public Health and Environment  Denver Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2874-3530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheryl","family":"Magzamen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4774-3883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ander","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/env.2274"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhaskar A. 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Cellini J. &Dominici F.(2020).Air pollution SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 transmission and COVID\u201019 outcomes: A state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010science review of a rapidly evolving research area.medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.08.16.20175901"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Long\u2010term air pollution exposure and COVID\u201019 mortality: a patient\u2010level analysis from New York City","author":"Bozack A.","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-021-00993-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370701665434"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17124487"},{"issue":"110129","key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","article-title":"The role of air pollution (PM and NO2) in COVID\u201019 spread and lethality: A systematic review","volume":"191","author":"Copat C.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environmental Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Air pollution and case fatality of SARS in the People's Republic of China: An ecologic study","volume":"2","author":"Cui Y.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","unstructured":"Department of Public Health and Environment. 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