{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T07:11:30Z","timestamp":1785222690008,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]],"date-time":"2023-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epileptic Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To simplify the electroencephalogram (EEG) diagnosis and guide the treatment of electrical status epilepticus during sleep (ESES).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We recruited 54 children with ESES from December 2019 to December 2020 and compared various spike\u2013wave index (SWI) calculation methods. Time\u2010frequency analysis assessed the correlation between high\u2010frequency oscillations energy and the SWI. We divided 42 children into responder and non\u2010responder treatment groups based on the observations made during a 12\u2010month follow\u2010up period and evaluate different treatment and the independent risk factors of refractory ESES.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The SWI of 5\u2009min before the second sleep cycle of non\u2010rapid eye movement (NREM; long method II) and that of all NREM sleep (total method) were not significantly different (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.06). The average energy of <jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.288, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.002) and ripple (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.203, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.04) oscillations were correlated with the SWI. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that encephalomalacia was an independent risk factor for refractory ESES (OR: 10.48, 95% CI: 1.62\u201367.63). The clinical seizure improvement rates of anti\u2010seizure medications (ASMs), ASMs with benzodiazepines, and ASMs with benzodiazepines and steroids after 12\u2009months were 9.3%, 42.8%, and 53.8%, EEG improvement rate were 5.5%, 30.9% and 37%, respectively. The intelligence of the children in the responder treatment group has improved during the 1\u2010year follow\u2010up.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings demonstrate EEG and clinical features of ESES and may provide basis for simplifying diagnosis and guiding the treatment of children with ESES.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/epd2.20095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]],"date-time":"2023-07-06T03:58:35Z","timestamp":1688615915000},"page":"690-701","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The prospective study of 54 children with electrical status epilepticus during sleep: How to simplify the electroencephalogram diagnosis and guide the treatment"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Han","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Children's Hospital of 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