{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T15:47:57Z","timestamp":1763480877274,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["823720033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["823720033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC2503806"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2503806"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epileptic Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The clinical manifestations of autoimmune encephalitis associated with contactin\u2010associated protein\u2010like 2 (CASPR2) were atypical and progressed slowly. We aimed to summarize the characteristics of video\u2010electroencephalography (V\u2010EEG) and video\u2010polysomnography (V\u2010PSG) to achieve early recognition and assess long\u2010term outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>27 patients with anti\u2010CASPR2 encephalitis were enrolled from four tertiary hospitals in China (2018\u20132022). All patients underwent 24\u2010h V\u2010EEG monitoring, and seven of them received additional overnight V\u2010PSG recording. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical and electrophysiological features, sleep features, treatments, prognostic factors, and clinical outcomes of these patients. The Clinical Assessment Scale in Autoimmune Encephalitis (CASE) was used to assess the initial severity and long\u2010term prognosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There were 8 children and 19 adults enrolled, including 11 males and 16 females, respectively. 20 (74.1%) of them suffered from infrequent epileptic seizures, with ten having seizures at initial presentation and five experiencing status epilepticus. In addition to seizures, some developed psychiatric symptoms (14\/27), sleep disorders (8\/27), and Morvan syndrome (7\/27). Twenty\u2010three (23\/27) patients presented notable EEG abnormalities, including diffuse slow\u2010wave activities (DSWA, 7\/23), intermittent slow\u2010wave activity (12\/23), interictal focal\/generalized spikes and spike\u2010and\u2010slow\u2010wave complexes (7\/23). Median duration of follow\u2010up was 40\u2009months (range: 12\u201378\u2009months). Compared to those with normal background, patients with DSWA had worse clinical outcomes (CASE \u226510,\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u200910.188,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.005). The patients with poor prognosis in the study showed sleep fragmentation, reduced nonrapid eye movement stage 3 (N3), and rapid eye movement stage (REM). Three patients (3\/7) exhibited complete absence of N3 sleep, which was linked to a negative prognosis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Slow\u2010wave activities involving the frontal and temporal lobes, as well as reduced N3 and REM sleep, are commonly observed in patients with anti\u2010CASPR2 encephalitis. DSWA and the absence of N3 sleep may serve as predictors of a worse prognosis in anti\u2010CASPR2 encephalitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/epd2.70067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T15:57:40Z","timestamp":1753459060000},"page":"965-975","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Electroencephalography and polysomnography as predictors of long\u2010term functional outcomes in anti\u2010\n                    <scp>CASPR2<\/scp>\n                    encephalitis: A multicenter cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6663-3343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinbo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University)  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuwen","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University)  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gengyao","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University)  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuyi","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University)  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenhao","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University)  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanbing","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Neurology The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University  Kunming China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaohua","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University  Harbin China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zaifen","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epilepsy Center Children's Hospital of Shandong University (Jinan Children's Hospital)  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University)  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chenwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University)  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University)  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University)  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaomin","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center Xiamen Humanity Hospital  Xiamen Fujian China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junxiang","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Hygiene Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University)  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yonghong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University)  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17338"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200041"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415\u2010019\u201009686\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13180"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MNM.0000000000001790"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109616"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311\u2010021\u201001021\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23577"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/epd2.20269"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010023\u201028268\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072\u2010022\u201006513\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002917"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25421"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474\u20104422(15)00401\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13670"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13121"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311\u2010020\u201000921\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2022.2038136"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn113694\u201020230914\u201000163"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864211073203"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1006\u20107876.2019.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24979"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.43"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq213"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25310"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1106214"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17164"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008164"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1550059415612375"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.686521"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2024.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25100\/cm.v53i2.4500"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2013.03.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000178"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn113694\u201020210414\u201000265"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009987"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.10.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad5252"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2023.3889"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2018.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311\u2010021\u201001178\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp\u20102020\u2010325300"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001088"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15266"}],"container-title":["Epileptic 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