{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T11:23:53Z","timestamp":1787397833020,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773705600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1201062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1201062"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epileptic Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Approximately one\u2010third of epilepsy patients will not achieve seizure freedom with current antiseizure medications, and the identification of novel treatment targets is needed. We characterized alterations in neuroinflammation\u2010related mRNA levels to aid in the identification of possible molecular mediators of DRTLE and discuss the potential for immunomodulatory therapies in this condition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Temporal lobe samples from DRTLE and postmortem controls without neurological conditions were obtained. RT\u2010qPCR of 60 genes of interest was performed on BioMark Fluidigm custom\u2010made gene expression integrated fluidic circuits (IFC) and cycle threshold values were obtained and analyzed using the  method. Correlation with various clinical parameters was assessed. Immunohistochemistry was performed on a subset of seven cases and four controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Temporal lobe tissue from 17 DRTLE patients (age: 46.3\u2009\u00b1\u200912.8\u2009years; female: 35.3%) and 12 controls (age: 56.1\u2009\u00b1\u20096.1\u2009years; female: 33.3%) were analyzed. Compared to controls,\n                      <jats:italic>TNF<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>CCL3<\/jats:italic>\n                      were upregulated 52.7 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.0002) and 68.9 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.0001)\u2010fold, respectively.\n                      <jats:italic>C3<\/jats:italic>\n                      was increased by 5.9\u2010fold (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.0001).\n                      <jats:italic>IL1B<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>IL18<\/jats:italic>\n                      were increased 6.4 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.0001) and 5.2 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.0001) times, respectively. Microglial markers TMEM119 and P2RY12 had a 7.1 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.0001) and 5.9 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.0001)\u2010fold increase, respectively, with overall lower but significant increases in general mononuclear cell\u2010associated mRNA. There was only low\u2010level or no upregulation of T cell and B cell associated mRNA. No correlation between mRNA alterations and clinical parameters was found. On immunohistochemistry, TMEM119 protein expression was noted in resected brain tissue from DRTLE but was largely absent from controls, consistent with the mRNA results.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Given the cross\u2010sectional study design, causality cannot be determined. However, this study suggests that proinflammatory mechanisms may play a role in the pathogenesis of the ongoing epileptic state in DRTLE. In particular, complement, inflammasome, and microglial\/mononuclear cell\u2010mediated inflammatory processes had the most significant elevations in mRNA, while B and T cell associated mRNA were less altered.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/epd2.70220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T16:13:57Z","timestamp":1773764037000},"page":"1069-1085","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Differences in mRNA expression of neuroinflammation\u2010related genes in the temporal lobe of patients with drug\u2010resistant focal epilepsy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Tracie H. L.","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience School of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Alfred Hospital  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Royal Melbourne Hospital  Parkville Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0302-5727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catriona","family":"McLean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical Pathology Alfred Hospital  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Victorian Brain Bank, The Florey  Parkville Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Christie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Royal Melbourne Hospital  Parkville Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Colonial Foundation Diagnostic Centre, Walter Eliza Hall Institute  Parkville Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Sanfilippo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience School of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7946-1309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Drill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience School of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piero","family":"Perucca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience School of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Alfred Hospital  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Royal Melbourne Hospital  Parkville Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Bladin\u2010Berkovic Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, Department of Neurology Austin Health  Heidelberg Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (Austin Health) The University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Kwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience School of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Alfred Hospital  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terence J.","family":"O'Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience School of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Alfred Hospital  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Royal Melbourne Hospital  Parkville Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mastura","family":"Monif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience School of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Alfred Hospital  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Royal Melbourne Hospital  Parkville Victoria 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