{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T11:23:45Z","timestamp":1787397825132,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":225,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epileptic Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This seminar addresses the complexity of the management of epilepsy in adults with intellectual development disorders (IDD), advocating holistic and multidisciplinary care aligned with the learning objectives of the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsy is significantly more prevalent in people with IDD, presenting unique diagnostic, therapeutic, and psychosocial challenges. Accurate diagnosis is hampered by limitations in communication, necessitating reliance on caregivers' observations. In adults with IDD and epilepsy, utilization of diagnostic tools, e.g., video electroencephalograph (EEG) monitoring, is helpful but can be challenging. Management requires careful consideration of cognitive and behavioral comorbidities and the effects of antiseizure medications (ASMs) on cognitive function and quality of life (QoL). Personalized treatment plans should balance seizure control against ASM side effects, prioritizing therapeutic goals aligned with individual patient needs. Effective multidisciplinary care involves primary care physicians, neurologists, psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, therapists, and specialized nursing staff. Transition periods, including from pediatric to adult care, and from the family home to professional care, represent critical phases requiring structured planning and collaboration among health and social\u2010care providers, patients, and caregivers. Current gaps in integrated care include the need for targeted therapeutic approaches, more tailored cognitive and behavioral assessment tools, guidelines for managing pregnancy and hormonal considerations, management of commonly associated comorbidities, including non\u2010epileptic paroxysmal events, and reduction of preventable morbidity and mortality, including sudden death. This seminar emphasizes the necessity of addressing these gaps to advance care standards, promote research, and ultimately improve patient outcomes. The manuscript includes two anonymized illustrative clinical case studies. Practical recommendations include systematic reassessment of underlying etiologies, including genetic counseling and testing, reviewing the electroclinical diagnosis, careful selection and titration of ASMs to minimize cognitive and behavioral impacts, and structured transition. Addressing these challenges and implementing an integrated care model could significantly enhance QoL for adults living with IDD and epilepsy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/epd2.70272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T15:17:38Z","timestamp":1779463058000},"page":"981-1006","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Holistic management of epilepsy in adults with intellectual development disorders"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3895-1237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Unit, Department of Neurology Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus  Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Research Group on Status Epilepticus and Acute Seizures, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Campus  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9152-5571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonella","family":"Riva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI) University of Genoa  Genoa Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Full Member of ERN EpiCARE  Genoa Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3660-2604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"L\u00f3pez\u2010Maza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Unit, Department of Neurology Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus  Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Research Group on Status Epilepticus and Acute Seizures, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Campus  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7584-0811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malin","family":"Zaddach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurology, Developmental Medicine and Social Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics Dr. Von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig\u2010Maximilians\u2010University  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1727-7901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie\u2010Claire","family":"Porter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Royal London Hospital, Barts NHS Trust  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8484-5945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingo","family":"Borggraefe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, MUC iSPZ Hauner \u2013 Munich University Center for Children with Medical and Developmental Complexity, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0447-5906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lance","family":"Watkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for Development in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities University of South Wales  Pontypridd UK"},{"name":"Swansea Bay University Health Board, Mental Health and Learning Disability Delivery Unit, Llwyneryr Unit  Swansea UK"},{"name":"Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), Peninsula School of Medicine, University of Plymouth  Plymouth UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2382-0506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Schulze\u2010Bonhage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center, University Medical Center\u2010University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1183-6933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rohit","family":"Shankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), Peninsula School of Medicine, University of Plymouth  Plymouth UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6065-1476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pasquale","family":"Striano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI) University of Genoa  Genoa Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Full Member of ERN EpiCARE  Genoa Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3446-5987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lina","family":"Nashef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology King's College Hospital  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2015.03.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40474\u2010016\u20100085\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/tp.2020.02.02"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_1","volume-title":"Mental disorders and disabilities among low\u2010income children","author":"Committee to Evaluate the Supplemental Security Income Disability Program for Children with Mental Disorders","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20420986211025157"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12018"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.705126"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13601"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.3275"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.15748"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2014.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12848"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2018.01.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2024.749"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bja.2023.19"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2019.1039"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_18_1","unstructured":"Bild.Step Together: Integrating Care for People with Epilepsy and a Learning Disability.2020. Available from:https:\/\/www.bild.org.uk\/wp\u2010content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Step\u2010Together\u201017\u2010November\u20102020\u2010Download\u2010Link\u2010.pdf. Accessed 12 Jun 2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415\u2010023\u201011701\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272439"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12544"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.13108"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_23_1","unstructured":"GloverG EvisonF.Hospital admissions that should not happen.2013. Available from:https:\/\/acppld.csp.org.uk\/system\/files\/ld_and_hospital_admissions_in_england_\u2010_2013.pdf. Accessed 20 Feb 2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2016.02.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415\u2010021\u201010938\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen\u20102016\u2010014846"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2014.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2011.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_29_1","unstructured":"The Royal College of Psychiatrists.Management of epilepsy in adults with intellectual disability (CR203 May 2017).2017. Available from:https:\/\/www.rcpsych.ac.uk\/improving\u2010care\/campaigning\u2010for\u2010better\u2010mental\u2010health\u2010policy\/college\u2010reports\/2017\u2010college\u2010reports\/management\u2010of\u2010epilepsy\u2010in\u2010adults\u2010with\u2010intellectual\u2010disability\u2010cr203\u2010may\u20102017. Accessed 12 Jun 2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528\u20101167.2008.01693.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352\u20104642(21)00090\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214\u2010109X(16)00060\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2021.103910"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09727531231181014"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2006.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2018.12.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107096"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2024.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2016.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2022.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2022.01.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1352\/1944\u20107558\u2010119.6.496"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2022.108948"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2021.108282"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2022.108554"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11010007"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17618"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jlme.12090"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjqs\u20102023\u2010016113"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.33425"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_51_1","unstructured":"The Health Foundation.A framework for NHS action on social determinants of health.2022. Available from:https:\/\/www.health.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/pdf\/2022\u201010\/2022%20\u2010%20ICSs%20and%20social%20need.pdf. Accessed 26 Nov 2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070855"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2022.07.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2011.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2010.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0b013e3182599295"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.13612"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2021.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2015.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12047"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528\u20101157.1996.tb00533.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2023.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002060"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000206758"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp\u20102025\u2010337291"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5698\/1535\u20107511.17.3.180"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16375"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_68_1","unstructured":"SUDEP Action.SUDEP and Seizure Safety Checklist. Available from:https:\/\/sudep.org\/about\u2010research\/sudep\u2010and\u2010seizure\u2010safety\u2010checklist\/. Accessed 12 Jun 2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2013.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415\u2010016\u20108203\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940\u2010018\u20100527\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2018.1439738"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2018.06.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13651"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883\u2010018\u20101235\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bja.2022.64"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol\u20102018\u2010001965"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.21366.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15010133"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10020107"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jpn.JPN_99_20"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac210"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2025.1634718"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16849"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/ndt.s1668"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2010.10.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528\u20101167.2006.00862.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16578"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2023.22"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16818"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2024.825"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361\u20106579\/ad4e94"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17756"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17044"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006545"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12618"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2737"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.70138"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198261"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2024.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2018.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2021.07.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2004.064477"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13818"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_105_1","unstructured":"The Royal College of Psychiatrists.Prescribing anti\u2010epileptic drugs for people with epilepsy and intellectual disability (CR206 Oct 2017).2017. Available from:https:\/\/www.rcpsych.ac.uk\/improving\u2010care\/campaigning\u2010for\u2010better\u2010mental\u2010health\u2010policy\/college\u2010reports\/2017\u2010college\u2010reports\/prescribing\u2010anti\u2010epileptic\u2010drugs\u2010for\u2010people\u2010with\u2010epilepsy\u2010and\u2010intellectual\u2010disability\u2010cr206\u2010oct\u20102017. Accessed 3 Jul 2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2019.1695780"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263\u2010024\u201001149\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2022.05.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787\u2010022\u201002041\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845\u2010019\u201002042\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2021.1366"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2024.45"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2021.55"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2018.06.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2020.96"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.07.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0285590"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2024.2393322"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13016"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.13097"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.13261"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.18265"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415\u2010023\u201012165\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528\u20101157.1998.tb01268.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15187"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13709"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2021.1244"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2015.07.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272\u2010021\u201000448\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285611417920"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2008.4.3.99"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263\u2010022\u201000955\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2024.109985"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_135_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2024.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_136_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107558"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_137_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2022.108994"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_138_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17189"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_139_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2024.109966"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_140_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17654"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_141_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12120"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_142_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.14051"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_143_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.724904"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_144_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004893"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_145_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2023.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_146_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.18458"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_147_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebr.2023.100603"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_148_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263\u2010022\u201000940\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_149_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2024.12.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_150_1","unstructured":"Epilepsy Nurses Association.Interim best practice guidelines for training professional carers in the administration of buccal (oromucosal) midazolam for the treatment of prolonged and\/or clusters of epileptic seizures in the community.2023. Available from:https:\/\/esna\u2010online.org\/wp\u2010content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Midazolam\u2010interim\u2010guidelines\u2010MI_12454014_21.12.23_V_3.pdf. Accessed 3 Jul 2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_151_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2021.108180"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_152_1","unstructured":"Epilepsy Society.Emergency medication. Available from:https:\/\/epilepsysociety.org.uk\/about\u2010epilepsy\/medication\u2010epilepsy\/emergency\u2010medication. Accessed 6 Feb 2026."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_153_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528\u20101167.2009.02397.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_154_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143\u2010025\u201003839\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_155_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2025.2474560"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_156_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42494\u2010025\u201000222\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_157_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm296"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_158_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10309\u2010022\u201000527\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_159_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474\u20104422(15)00383\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_160_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25884"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_161_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000237392.64230.f7"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_162_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14010118"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_163_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2021.101559"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_164_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.119.017392"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_165_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11195\u2010017\u20109508\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_166_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2006.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_167_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2009.02.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_168_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18773\/austprescr.2016.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_169_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000005421"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_170_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738211041824"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_171_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s1092852900001528"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_172_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.787854"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_173_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebr.2021.100446"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_174_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010025\u201063469\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_175_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e328349bbcb"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_176_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2021.190"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_177_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474\u20104422(18)30495\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_178_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/642472"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_179_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100412.2012.01509.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_180_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_181_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2024.106469"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_182_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.04.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_183_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.742449"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_184_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010019\u201050542\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_185_1","unstructured":"Nursing Times.Improving bowel management in adults with intellectual disability.2024. Available from:https:\/\/www.nursingtimes.net\/bladder\u2010and\u2010bowel\/improving\u2010bowel\u2010management\u2010in\u2010adults\u2010with\u2010intellectual\u2010disability\u201015\u201004\u20102024\/. Accessed 12 Jun 2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_186_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14350"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_187_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120\u2010019\u201000155\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_188_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2017.06.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_189_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/epd2.20069"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_190_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023\u2010022\u201002513\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_191_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jimd.12283"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_192_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.13121"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_193_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519\u2010024\u201000864\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_194_1","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.Epilepsies in children young people and adults: diagnosis and management\u2014[12] Evidence review: Ketogenic diets for drug\u2010resistant epilepsy.2022. Available from:https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng217\/evidence\/12\u2010ketogenic\u2010diets\u2010for\u2010drugresistant\u2010epilepsy\u2010pdf\u2010398366282775. Accessed 26 Nov 2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_195_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001903.pub5"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_196_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol\u20102015\u2010001288"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_197_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16091258"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_198_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14235003"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_199_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-46835-4_22"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_200_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875\u2010015\u20100329\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_201_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000001007"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_202_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1215618"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_203_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887\u2010018\u20101112\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_204_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002553"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_205_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528\u20101167.2011.03134.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_206_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001855"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_207_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2021.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_208_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2017.01.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_209_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.13020"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_210_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg\u20102024\u2010110328"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_211_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Diagnosed developmental disabilities in children aged 3\u201017\u2009years: United States, 2019\u20132021","volume":"473","author":"Zablotsky B","year":"2023","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_212_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10738584221088244"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_213_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17182"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_214_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17425255.2024.2362190"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_215_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12717"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_216_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.753753"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_217_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(18)30136\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_218_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa1714631"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_219_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa1611618"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_220_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.0073"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_221_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265\u2010023\u201001881\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_222_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120\u2010024\u201000623\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_223_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.4607"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_224_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(16)31419\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_225_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33590\/emjneurol\/10309291"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_226_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023\u2010019\u20101072\u2010y"}],"container-title":["Epileptic Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/epd2.70272","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/epd2.70272","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/epd2.70272","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T10:49:25Z","timestamp":1787395765000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/epd2.70272"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"references-count":225,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/epd2.70272"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/epd2.70272","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1294-9361","1950-6945"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1294-9361","type":"print"},{"value":"1950-6945","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-29","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}