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However, there is no chronological relationship with seizures. It differs from schizophrenia since negative symptoms are less prominent, and deterioration of the patient's personality is uncommon. Forced normalization, an antagonistic relation between seizures and psychosis, may be observed, and it is sometimes called alternating or alternative psychosis when there is no electroencephalogram available. The treatment relies on a balance between antipsychotics and antiseizure medications. Surgery is still controversial. This review aims to analyze the existing literature regarding case reports of interictal psychosis. The search performed in the PubMed database for the terms ((psycho*[Title\/Abstract]) OR (schizo*[Title\/Abstract])) AND ((interictal [Title\/Abstract]) OR (inter\u2010ictal [Title\/Abstract])) presented 703 articles, 112 of which met the eligibility criteria. Forty\u2010six other studies from other sources were included. Eligible articles were sorted according to their format into case reports and non\u2010case reports. Sixty\u2010nine patients, on average 34.7\u2009\u00b1\u200912.9\u2009years old, were studied. More than half (50.7%) displayed neuropsychiatric comorbidities, with psychoses (23.2%) and head trauma (15.9%) being the most reported. Fourteen (20.3%) patients were mistakenly diagnosed with primary psychosis. Twenty (29.0%) had a left hemisphere focus, the majority in the temporal lobe. The largest single subgroup of patients whose neuroimaging exams were available (17.4%) had no abnormalities. A significant percentage (62.3%) presented abnormal electroencephalograms, 12 of those with episodes of forced normalization (17.4%). The delay between epilepsy and interictal psychosis was 13.8\u2009\u00b1\u200910.2\u2009years (Median 13.5\u2009years). Many patients have their symptoms treated as primary, and forced normalization also complicates the treatment. It is urgent to implement guidelines for diagnosis, theragnosis, and prognosis of this fascinating entity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/epd2.70287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T15:19:38Z","timestamp":1780154378000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The interictal psychoses of epilepsy: A systematic review of case reports"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3405-251X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas","family":"d'Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cl\u00ednica Universit\u00e1ria de Psiquiatria e Psicologia M\u00e9dica (CUPPM), Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa (FMUL), Centro Acad\u00e9mico de Medicina de Lisboa (CAML)  Lisboa Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0662-5178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Gama\u2010Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cl\u00ednica Universit\u00e1ria de Psiquiatria e Psicologia M\u00e9dica (CUPPM), Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa (FMUL), Centro Acad\u00e9mico de Medicina de Lisboa (CAML)  Lisboa Portugal"},{"name":"Consulta de Esquizofrenia Resistente (CER), Hospital de J\u00falio de Matos (HJM) Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade de S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 (ULSSJ), Centro Cl\u00ednico Acad\u00e9mico de Lisboa (CCAL)  Lisboa Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12550"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0013\u20109580.2005.66104.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.18252"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000284586"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","unstructured":"CalabreseJ Al KhaliliY.Psychosis. 2023 May 1. 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