{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T09:23:42Z","timestamp":1788513822245,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765929600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n Epilepsy patients face significantly elevated cardiovascular risks, with cardiac arrhythmias occurring 2\u20133 times more frequently than in the general population. Current knowledge of brain\u2013heart functional coupling abnormalities in epilepsy, particularly during interictal periods, remains limited. We investigated brain\u2013heart interplay characteristics in temporal lobe epilepsy through synchronized electroencephalographic\u2013electrocardiographic analysis using a synthetic data generation model and microstate analysis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n We enrolled 52 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (mean age\u2009=\u200933.4\u2009\u00b1\u200912.7\u2009years) and 42 age\u2010matched healthy controls (mean age\u2009=\u200931.95\u2009\u00b1\u200911.03\u2009years). Twenty\u2010minute artifact\u2010free electroencephalographic segments were analyzed during resting states. Four directional brain\u2013heart coupling sequences were extracted: C\n Brain\u2192HF<\/jats:sub>\n , C\n Brain\u2192LF<\/jats:sub>\n , C\n HF\u2192Brain<\/jats:sub>\n , and C\n LF\u2192Brain<\/jats:sub>\n , representing bidirectional interactions between brain activity and cardiac components.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Six microstate topologies were consistently identified across all brain\u2013heart interplay sequences, with temporal lobe epilepsy patients demonstrating significantly more complex and unstable topological characteristics compared to healthy controls. For C\n Brain\u2192HF<\/jats:sub>\n coupling, patients exhibited significantly reduced mean duration of microstate 3 (.34\u2009\u00b1\u2009.09\u2009s vs. .38\u2009\u00b1\u2009.07\u2009s,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.02), increased occurrence rates of microstates 3 and 4 (both\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u2009.001), and altered temporal coverage patterns. Similar abnormalities were observed across all sequences, with patients showing shortened microstate durations, altered occurrence rates, and disrupted temporal coverage. Spatial dissimilarity analysis revealed significant topological abnormalities across all microstates. A logistic regression model incorporating microstate parameters achieved 94.7% diagnostic accuracy for temporal lobe epilepsy, with an F1 score of .952 and an area under the curve of .932.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Significance<\/jats:title>\n Temporal lobe epilepsy is characterized by profound disruptions in brain\u2013heart functional coupling during interictal periods, manifesting as altered microstate topographies and temporal dynamics. These findings establish microstate\u2010based analysis as a promising framework for characterizing brain\u2013heart axis dysfunction in epilepsy.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/epi.70059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T14:39:24Z","timestamp":1765982364000},"page":"1837-1848","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Brain\u2013heart functional network dysfunction in temporal lobe epilepsy: A microstate\u2010based analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0299-5163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zihan","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery General Hospital of Southern Theater Command Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8480-0990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinpei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology General Hospital of Central Theater Command Wuhan China"},{"name":"School of Medicine Wuhan University of Science and Technology Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2469-3668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yonghong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3866-5230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongmin","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery General Hospital of Southern Theater Command Guangzhou China"},{"name":"Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(18)32596\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0b013e31826b3ab7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad523"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474\u20104422(16)30158\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16966"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.14084"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2019.05.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2017.0891"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741\u20102552\/ac7fba"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/netn_a_00367"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439\u2010019\u201002251\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2004.826602"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00405.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JTEHM.2023.3280974"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2024.120683"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcad124"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.93.5.1043"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26480"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0025\u20106196(12)62272\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.04.075"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17893"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.42.9.1727"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2020.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528\u20101157.1997.tb01129.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2015.0181"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.858333"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvae170"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582\u2010021\u201000574\u2010w"}],"container-title":["Epilepsia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/epi.70059","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/epi.70059","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/epi.70059","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T16:26:48Z","timestamp":1776097608000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/epi.70059"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/epi.70059"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/epi.70059","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-9580","1528-1167"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-9580","type":"print"},{"value":"1528-1167","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication 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