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Neuropsychological assessments were tailored to the clinical epileptology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      On average, patients were 30 (15\u201356)\u2009years old at the time of assessment. Epilepsy duration was 21 (3\u201348)\u2009years. Seizure onset ranged between 3\u2009months and 26\u2009years. Fifteen patients (36%) had an age of onset of 12\u2009years or older. Older age of seizure onset correlated with fewer cognitive measures impacted (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.34,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.026). Frontal (52%) and parietal (33%) lobes were common BOSD locations. Confrontation naming was assessed in 20 patients, 11 (55%) of whom were impaired. Of these 11 patients, 8 (73%) had a left\u2010sided BOSD. Verbal fluency was assessed in 23 patients, 13 (57%) of whom were impaired. Of these 13 patients, 11 (85%) had a frontal BOSD. Processing speed and attention were assessed in 35 patients and deficits were seen in 17% to 20%, though milder reductions were more consistently seen. At post\u2010surgical follow\u2010up (\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20098.07\u2009years, SD\u2009=\u20094.91\u2009years), 59% of patients were seizure free. As a group, there was no evidence of post\u2010surgical cognitive decline after focal resection of the BOSD; processing speed (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.05) improved post\u2010surgically.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In adults with BOSD, an earlier age of seizure onset is accompanied by a greater degree of cognitive comorbidity. Naming is commonly affected, particularly for those with left sided BOSDs. Executive dysfunction is common, particularly for patients with a frontal BOSD. Focal lesionectomy is associated with favourable seizure outcome and is cognitively safe with potential for improvement in processing speed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/epi.70116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T07:06:18Z","timestamp":1770361578000},"page":"2450-2462","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cognition in adults with bottom\u2010of\u2010sulcus dysplasia and the consequences of focal resection"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4937-7031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen J.","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health University of Melbourne  Parkville Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health  Heidelberg Victoria 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