{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T02:01:46Z","timestamp":1792807306759,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the long\u2010term risk of posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE) and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in combat veterans and to evaluate the predictive value of early electroencephalographic (EEG) abnormalities and the impact of trauma mechanism (blast vs. nonblast).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A retrospective observational study was conducted in 2000 war veterans followed for 5\u2009years after the Second Karabakh War (2020\u20132025). Veterans with mTBI (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091000), defined by International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD\u201010) code S06.0 and standard clinical criteria (loss of consciousness for \u226430\u2009min, confusion for &lt;24\u2009h, normal computed tomography\/magnetic resonance imaging), and controls without TBI (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091000) were compared for the incidence of PTE and PNES. Within the mTBI group, cases were stratified by trauma mechanism (blast\u2010related vs. non\u2010blast\u2010related). Early EEGs (\u22647\u2009days) were analyzed for abnormalities predictive of PTE. PTE was defined as unprovoked seizures occurring &gt;7\u2009days after injury (ICD\u201010G40.x) and PNES as F44.5. Statistical analyses included chi\u2010squared tests, Kaplan\u2013Meier analysis, and Cox proportional hazards models.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      During the 5\u2010year follow\u2010up, epilepsy developed in 4.5% of the mTBI group compared with 1.3% of controls (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001). Blast\u2010related injuries had a higher 5\u2010year PTE incidence than nonblast trauma (5.7% vs. 2.3%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.019). More than half of PTE cases occurred within the first postinjury year. Early EEG abnormalities were observed in 20% of the mTBI group, and epileptiform discharges were strongly associated with subsequent PTE. PNES occurred in 7.1% of mTBI and 2.4% of controls (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001); 65% of PNES cases in the mTBI group were comorbid with PTSD.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Even mild TBI can induce long\u2010term epileptogenesis, particularly after blast exposure. Early EEG abnormalities, especially epileptiform discharges, serve as strong predictors of PTE. These findings emphasize the need for early electrophysiological screening and long\u2010term neuropsychiatric follow\u2010up in veterans with mild head injury.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/epi.70137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T14:57:19Z","timestamp":1770303439000},"page":"2284-2293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Electroencephalographic findings and 5\u2010year risk of posttraumatic epilepsy after mild traumatic brain injury: Insights from Second Karabakh War veterans"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3334-979X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javid","family":"Shafiyev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Central Military Hospital Ministry of Defense  Baku Azerbaijan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0457-3722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d6mer","family":"Karada\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Gulhane Faculty of Medicine Health Sciences University  Ankara Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4897-4758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gardashkhan","family":"Kar\u0131mzada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Hitit University, Erol Ol\u00e7ok Training and Research Hospital  \u00c7orum Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4035-3623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irfan","family":"Gahramanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Central Military Hospital Ministry of Defense  Baku Azerbaijan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1981-7144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nurlan","family":"Mammadzada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine Gulhane Training and Research Hospital  Ankara 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